SYLLABUS FOR UNDERGRADUATE
I. INTRODUCTION TO:
1. Anatomical terms.
2. Skin, superficial fascia & deep fascia
3. Cardiovascular system, portal system collateral circulation and arteries.
4. Lymphatic system, regional lymph nodes
5. Osteology - Including ossification & growth of bones
6. Myology – Including types of muscle tissue & innervation.
7. Syndesmology – Including classification of Joints.
8. Nervous system
II. HEAD & NECK:
01. Scalp, face & temple, lacrimal apparatus 02. Neck - Deep fascia of neck, posterior triangle,
suboccipital triangle, anterior triangle, anterior median region of the neck, deep structures in the
neck. 03.Cranial cavity - Meninges, parts of brain, ventricles of brain, dural venous sinuses,
cranial nerves attached to the brain, pituitary gland. 04. Cranial nerves - III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX,XII in
detail. 05. Orbital cavity – Muscles of the eye ball, supports of the eye ball, nerves and vessels in
the orbit. 06. Parotid gland. 07. Temporo mandibular joint, muscles of mastication, infratemporal
fossa, pterygo - palatine fossa. 08. Submandibular region 09. Walls of the nasal cavity,
paranasal air sinuses 10. Palate 11. Oral cavity, Tongue 12. Pharynx (palatine tonsil and the
auditory tube) Larynx. OSTEOLOGY – Foetal skull, adult skull, individual bones of the skull, hyoid
bone and cervical vertebrae
III.THORAX : Demonstration on a dissected specimen of
1. Thoracic wall
2. Heart chambers
3. Coronary arteries
4. Pericardium
5. Lungs – surfaces ; pleural cavity
6. Diaphragm
IV. ABDOMEN : Demonstration on a dissected specimen of
1. Peritoneal cavity
2. Organs in the abdominal & pelvic cavity.
V. CLINICAL PROCEDURES :
a) Intramuscular injections: Demonstration on a dissected specimen and on a living person
of the following sites of injection.
1. Deltoid muscle and its relation to the axillary nerve and radial nerve.
2. Gluteal region and the relation of the sciatic nerve.
3. Vastus lateralis muscle.
b) Intravenous injections & venesection: Demonstration of veins in the dissected specimen
and on a living person.
1. Median cubital vein 2. Cephalic vein 3. Basilic vein 4. Long saphenous vein
c) Arterial pulsations: Demonstration of arteries on a dissected specimen and feeling of
pulsation of the following arteries on a living person.
1. Superficial temporal 2. Facial 3. Carotid 4. Axillary 5. Brachial 6. Radial 7. Ulnar 8. Femoral
9. Popliteal 10. Dorsalispedis
d) Lumbar puncture: Demonstration on a dissected specimen of the spinal cord, cauda
equina & epidural space and the inter vertebral space between L4 & L5 .
VI. EMBRYOLOGY :
Oogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Fertilisation, Placenta, Primitive streak, Neural crest, Bilaminar
and trilaminar embryonic disc, Intra embryonic mesoderm - formation and fate, notochord
formation & fate, Pharyngeal arches, pouches & clefts, Development of face, tongue, palate,
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thyroid gland, pituitary gland, salivary glands, and anomalies in their development, Tooth
development in brief.
VII. HISTOLOGY :
The Cell :
Basic tissues - Epithelium, Connective tissue including cartilage and bone, Muscle Tissue,
Nervous tissue : Peripheral nerve, optic nerve, sensory ganglion, motor ganglion, Skin
Classification of Glands
Salivary glands (serous, mucous and mixed gland), Blood vessels, Lymphoid tissue Tooth,
lip, tongue, hard palate, oesphagus, stomach, ,duodenum ,ileum, colon, vermiform appendix
Liver, Pancreas, Lung, Trachea ,Epiglottis, Thyroid gland , para thyroid gland , supra renal
gland and pituitary gland, Kidney, Ureter, Urninary bladder, Ovary and testis.
VIII. MEDICAL GENETICS :
Mitosis, meiosis, Chromosomes, gene structure, Mendelism, modes of inheritance
2. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Homeostasis: Basic concept, Feed back mechanisms
2. Structure of cell membrane, transport across cell membrane
3. Membrane potentials
2. BLOOD:
Composition & functions of blood.
Specific gravity, Packed cell volume, factors affecting & methods of determination.
Plasma proteins - Types, concentration, functions & variations.
Erythrocyte - Morphology, functions & variations. Erythropoiesis & factors affecting erythropoiesis.
ESR- Methods of estimation, factors affecting, variations & significance.
Haemoglobin - Normal concentration, method of determination & variation in concentration.
Blood Indices - MCV, MCH, MCHC - definition, normal values, variation.
Anaemia - Definition, classification, life span of RBC’s destruction of RBC’s , formation & fate of bile
pigments, Jaundice - types.
Leucocytes : Classification, number, percentage, distribution morphology, properties, functions &
variation. Role of lymphocytes in immunity , leucopoiesis life span & fate of leucocytes.
Thromobocytes - Morphology, , number, variations, function & thrombopoiesis.
Haemostatsis - Role of vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation in haemostasis, coagulation factors,
intrinsic & extrinsic pathways of coagulation, clot retraction.
Tests of haemostatic function, platelet count, clotting time, bleeding time, prothrombin time - normal
values, method & variations. Anticoagulants - mechanism of action. Bleeding disorders.
Blood groups: ABO & Rh system, method of determination, importance,indications & dangers of
blood transfusion, blood substitutes.
Blood volume: Normal values, variations.
Body fluids : distribution of total body water, intracellular & extracellular compartments, major anions &
cations in intra and extra cellular fluid.
Tissue fluids & lymph : Formation of tissue fluid, composition, circulation & functions of lymph.
Oedema - causes.
Functions of reticulo endotrelial system.
3. MUSCLE AND NERVE
Classification of nerves, structure of skeletal muscle - Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular transmission. Properties of skeletal muscle. Structure and properties of cardiac
muscle & smooth muscle.
4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM :
Introduction to digestion : General structure of G.I. tract, Innervation.
Salivary glands: Structure of salivary glands, composition , regulation of secretion & functions of
saliva.
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Stomach: Composition and functions of gastric juice, mechanism and regulation of gastric secretion.
Exocrine Pancreas - Structure, composition of pancreatic juice, functions of each component,
regulation of pancreatic secretion.
Liver : structure , composition of bile, functions of bile, regulation of secretion –
Gall bladder : structure, functions.
Small intestine - Composition, functions & regulation of secretion of intestinal juice.
Large intestine - Functions.
Motor functions of GIT: Mastication, deglutition, gastric filling & emptying, movements of small and
large intestine, defecation.
5. EXCRETORY SYSTEM :
Structure & functions of kidney, functional unit of kidney & functions of different parts.
Juxta glomerular apparatus, renal blood flow.
Formation of Urine : Glomerular filteration rate - definition, determination , normal values, factors
influencing G.F.R. Tubular reabsorption - Reabsorption of sodium, glucose, water & other substances.
Tubular secretion - secretion of urea, hydrogen and other substances.
Mechanism of concentration & dilution of urine.
Role of kidney in the regulation of pH of the blood.
Micturition : anatomy & innervation of Urinary bladder, mechanism of miturition & abonrmalities.
6. BODY TEMPERATURE & FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
7. ENDOCRINOLOGY
General endocrinology - Enumeration of endocrine glands & hormones - General functions of
endocrine system, chemistry, mechanism of secretion, transport, metabolism, regulation of secretion
of hormones.
Hormones of anterior pituitary & their actions, hypothamic regulation of anterior pituitary function.
Disorders of secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
Posterior pituitary : Functions, regulation & disorders of secretion.
Thyroid: Histology, synthesis, secretion & transport of hormones, actions of hormones, regulation of
secretion & disorders, Thyroid function tests.
Adrenal cortex & Medulla -synthesis, secretion, action, metabolism, regulation of secretion of
hormones & disorders.
Other hormones - Angiotensin, A.N.F.
8. REPRODUCTION
Sex differentiation, Physiological anatomy of male and female sex organs,
Female reproductive system : Menstrual cycle, functions of ovary, actions of oestrogen &
Progesterone, control of secretion of ovarian hormones, tests for ovulation, fertilisation, implantation,
maternal changes during pregnancy, pregnancy tests & parturition.
Lactation, composition of milk, factors controlling lactation, milk ejection, reflex, Male
reproductive system :spermatogenesis, semen and contraception.
9. CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
Functional anatomy and innervation of heart Properties of cardiac muscle
Origin & propagation of cardiac impulse and heart block.
Electrocardiogram - Normal electrocardiogram. Two changes in ECG in myocardial infarction.
Cardiac cycle - Phases, Pressure changes in atria, ventricles & aorta.
Volume changes in ventricles. Jugular venous pulse, arterial pulse.
Heart sounds: Mention of murmurs.
Heart rate: Normal value, variation & regulation.
Cardiac output: Definition, normal values, one method of determination, variation, factors affecting
heart rate and stroke volume.
Arterial blood pressure: Definition, normal values & variations,determinants, regulation &
measurement of blood pressure.
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Coronary circulation.
Cardio vascular homeostasis - Exercise & posture.
10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Physiology of Respiration : External & internal respiration.
Functional anatomy of respiratory passage & lungs.
Respiratory movements: Muscles of respiration, Mechanism of inflation & deflation of lungs.
Intra pleural & intra pulmonary pressures & their changes during the phases of respiration.
Mechanics of breathing - surfactant, compliance & work of breathing.
Spirometry: Lung volumes & capacities definition, normal values, significance, factors affecting vital
capacity, variations in vital capacity, FEV & its variations.
Pulmonary ventilation - alveolar ventilation & dead space – ventilation.
Composition of inspired air, alveolar air and expired air.
Exchange of gases: Diffusing capacity, factors affecting it.
Transport of Oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood.
Regulation of respiration – neural & chemical.
Hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea, periodic breathing.
Artificial respiration, pulmonary function tests.
11. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Organisation of central nervous system
2. Neuronal organisation at spinal cord level
3. Synapse receptors, reflexes, sensations and tracts
4. Physiology of pain
5. Functions of cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex.
6. Formation and functions of CSF
7. Autonomic nervous system
12. SPECIAL SENSES
Fundamental knowledge of vision, hearing, taste and smell.
PRACTICALS
The following list of practical is minimum and essential. All the practical have been categorised as
procedures and demonstrations. The procedures are to be performed by the students during practical
classes to acquire skills. All the procedures are to be included in the University practical examination.
Those categorised as demonstrations are to be shown to the students during practical classes.
However these demonstrations would not be included in the University examinations but question
based on this would be given in the form of charts, graphs and calculations for interpretation by the
students.
PROCEDURES
1. Enumeration of Red Blood Cells
2. Enumeration of White Blood Cells
3. Differential leucocyte counts
4. Determination of Haemoglobin
5. Determination of blood group
6. Determination of bleeding time and clotting time
7. Examination of pulse
8. Recording of blood pressure.
DEMONSTRATION:
1. Determination of packed cell volume and erythrocyte sedimentation rate
2. Determination of specific gravity of blood
3. Determination of erythrocyte fragility
4. Determination of vital capacity and timed vital capacity
5. Skeletal muscle experiments.
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Study of laboratory appliances in experimental physiology. Frog’s gastrocneminus sciatic
preparation. Simple muscle curve, effects of two successive stimuli, effects of increasing strength
of stimuli, effects of temperature, genesis of fatigue and tetanus. Effect of after load and free load
on muscle contraction, calculation of work done.
6. Electrocardiography: Demonstration of recording of normal Electro cardiogram
7. Clinical examination of cardiovascular and respiratory system.
TEXT BOOKS:
Guyton; Text book of Physiology, 9th edition.
Ganong; Review of Medical Physiology, 19th edition
Vander; Human physiology, 5th edition
Choudhari; Concise Medical Physiology, 2nd edition
Chaterjee; Human Physiology, 10th edition
A.K. Jain; Human Physiology for BDS students, 1st edition
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
i) Berne & Levey; Physiology, 2nd edition
ii) West-Best & Taylor’s, Physiological basis of Medical Practise, 11th edition
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY:
i) Rannade; Practical Physiology, 4th edition
ii) Ghai; a text book of practical physiology
iii) Hutchison’s; Clinical Methods, 20th edition
BIOCHEMISTRY
AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE COURSE IN BIOCHEMISTRY
The major aim is to provide a sound but crisp knowledge on the biochemical basis of the life
processes relevant to the human system and to dental/medical practice. The contents should be
organised to build on the already existing information available to the students in the pre-university
stage and reorienting. A mere rehash should be avoided.
The chemistry portion should strive towards providing information on the functional groups,
hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties and weak valence forces that organise macromolecules.
Details on structure need not be emphasised.
Discussion on metabolic processes should put emphasis on the overall change, interdependence and
molecular turnover. While details of the steps may be given, the student should not be expected to
memorise them. An introduction to biochemical genetics and molecular biology is a must but details
should be avoided. The exposure to antivitamins, antimetabolites and enzyme inhibitors at this stage,
will provide a basis for the future study of medical subjects. An overview of metabolic regulation is to
be taught by covering hormonal action, second messengers and regulation of enzyme activities.
Medical aspects of biochemistry should avoid describing innumerable functional tests, most of which
are not in vogue. Cataloguing genetic disorders under each head of metabolism is unnecessary. A
few examples which correlate genotype change to functional changes should be adequate.
At the end of the course the student would be able to acquire a useful core of information, which can
be retained for a long time. Typical acid tests can be used to determine what is to be taught or what
is to be learnt. A few examples are given below.
1. Need not know the structure of cholesterol. Should know why it cannot be carried free in plasma.
2. Mutarotation should not be taught. Student should know why amylase will not hydrolyse cellulose.
3. Need not know the details of alpha - helix and beta - pleats in proteins.
Should know why haemoglobin is globular and keratin is fibrous.
4. Need not know mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.
Should know more than 90 % of ATP is formed by this process.
5. Need not know details of the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.
Should know hydrochloric acid cannot break a peptide bond at room temperature.
6. Need not remember the steps of glycogenesis.
Should know that excess intake of carbohydrate will not increase glycogen level in liver or muscle.
7. Need not know about urea or cretinine clearance tests.
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Should know the basis of increase of urea and creatinine in blood in renal insufficiency.
8. Need not know the structure of insulin.
Should know why insulin level in circulation is normal in most cases of maturity onset diabetes.
9. Need not know the structural details of ATP.
Should know why about 10 g of ATP in the body at any given time meets all the energy needs.
10. Need not know the mechanism of action of prolylhydroxylase.
Should know why the gum bleeds in scurvy.
11. Need not know the structure of Vitamin K.
Should know the basis of internal bleeding arising due to its deficiency.
12. Need not remember the structure of HMGCoA.
Should know why it does not lead to increased cholesterol synthesis in starvation.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION
1. CHEMISTRY OF BIOORGANIC MOLECULES
Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification. Monosaccharides - Isomerism,
anomerism. Sugar derivatives, Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Structures of starch and glycogen.
Lipids : Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction to
compound lipids. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle. Bimolecular
leaflet.
Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids: Classification. Introduction to peptides. Proteins : Simple
and conjugated; globular and fibrous. Charge properties. Buffer action . Introduction to protein
conformation . Denaturation.
Nucleic acids: Building units . Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA.
High energy compounds: ATP , Phosphorylamidines, Thiolesters, Enol phosphates.
2. MACRONUTERIENTS AND DIGESTION
Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary lipids, essential fatty acids.
Nitrogen balance. Essential amino acids. Protein quality and requirement (methods for evaluation of
protein quality to be excluded). Protein calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of monosaccharides. Digestion
and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake of amino
acids.
3. MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms. Brief account
of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions. Vitamins A functions including visual process.
Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. Vitamin K and gamma carboxylation.
Introduction to antivitamins and hypervitaminosis.
Minerals :Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion,
function. Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport.
Heme and nonheme iron functions; deficiency. Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis.
General functions of thyroxine. Fluoride: function, deficiency and excess. Indications of role of other
minerals.
4. ENERGY METABOLISM
Overview: Outlines of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids.
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphyorylation. Ketone body formation and utilisation.
Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis.
Gluconeogenesis. Lactate metabolism . Protein utilisation for energy. Glucogenic and ketogenic
amino acids. Integration of metabolism.
5. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM
Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid. Outlines of cholesterol
synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea formation. Phosphocreatine formation.
Transmethylation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon
transfer. Detoxication : Typical reactions. Examples of toxic compounds. Oxygen toxicity
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6. BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA as genetic material. Introduction to
replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA. Genetic code and mutation. Outline of
translation process. Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription and
translation. Introduction to cancer, viruses and oncogenes.
7. ENZYME AND METABOLIC REGULATION
Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. Effect of pH, temperature
and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme inhibitors, proenzymes and isoenzymes.
Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by induction/repression.
Overview of hormones. Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol
triphosphate. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief.
Acid base regulation. Electrolyte balance.
8. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND BLOOD PROTEINS
Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans. Bone structure. Structure of
membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis. Introduction to
cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief.
Haemoglobin: functions. Introduction to heme synthesis and degradation. Plasma proteins:
classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief account of immunoglobulins. Plasma
lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover.
9. MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Regulation of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of glycemic status.
Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical evaluation. Hyperlipoproteinemias and
atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver function
tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney function tests and
gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation. Gout. Examples of
genetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, glycogen storage disorders, glucose 6-
phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism
and muscular dystrophy ( one or two examples with biochemical basis will be adequate). Serum
enzymes in diagnosis.
PRACTICALS: Contact hours 50
1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates 4
2. Color reactions of proteins and amino acids 4
3. Identification of nonprotein nitrogen substance 4
4. Normal constituents of urine 4
5. Abnormal constituents of urine 4
6. Analysis of saliva including amylase 2
7. Analysis of milk Quantitative estimations 2
8. Titrable acidity and ammonia in urine 2
9. Free and total acidity in gastric juice 2
10. Blood glucose estimation 2
11. Serum total protein estimation 2
12. Urine creatinine estimation Demonstration 2
13. Paper electrophoresis charts/clinical data evaluation 2
14. Glucose tolerance test profiles 2
15. Serum lipid profiles 1
16. Profiles of hypothyrodisim and hyperthyrodisim 1
17. Profiles of hyper and hypoparathyrodism 1
18. Profiles of liver function 1
19. Urea, uric acid creatinine profile in kidney disorders 1
20. Blood gas profile in acidosis/ alkalosis 1
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3. DENTAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND ORAL HISTOLOGY
I. TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
1. Introduction to tooth morphology:
♦ Human dentition, types of teeth, & functions, Palmer's & Binomial notation systems, tooth surfaces,
their junctions - line angles & point angles, definition of terms used in dental morphology, geometric
concepts in tooth morphology, contact areas & embrasures - Clinical significance.
2. Morphology of permanent teeth :
• Description of individual teeth, along with their endodontic anatomy & including a note on their
chronology of development, differences between similar class of teeth & identification of individual
teeth.
• Variations & Anomalies commonly seen in individual teeth.
3. Morphology of Deciduous teeth :
♦ Generalized differences between Deciduous & Permanent teeth.
♦ Description of individual deciduous teeth, including their chronology of development, endodontic
anatomy, differences between similar class of teeth & identification of individual teeth.
4. Occlusion :
♦ Definition, factors influencing occlusion - basal bone, arch, individual teeth, external & internal
forces & sequence of eruption.
♦ Inclination of individual teeth - compensatory curves.
♦ Centric relation & Centric occlusion - protrusive, retrusive & lateral occlusion.
♦ Clinical significance of normal occlusion.
♦ Introduction to & Classification of Malocclusion.
II. ORAL EMBRYOLOGY
1. Brief review of development of face, jaws, lip, palate & tongue, with applied aspects.
2. Development of teeth :
♦ Epithelial mesenchymal interaction, detailed study of different stages of development of
crown, root & supporting tissues of tooth & detailed study of formation of calcified tissues.
♦ Applied aspects of disorders in development of teeth.
3. Eruption of deciduous & Permanent teeth :
♦ Mechanisms in tooth eruption, different theories & histology of eruption, formation of
dentogingival junction, role of gubernacular cord in eruption of permanent teeth.
♦ Clinical or Applied aspects of disorders of eruption.
4. Shedding of teeth :
♦ Factors & mechanisms of shedding of deciduous teeth.
♦ Complications of shedding.
III. ORAL HISTOLOGY
1. Detailed microscopic study of Enamel, Dentine, Cementum & Pulp tissue. Age changes & Applied
aspects (Clinical and forensic significance) of histological considerations - Fluoride applications,
transparent dentine, dentine hypersensitivity, reaction of pulp tissue to varying insults to exposed
dentine ; Pulp calcifications & Hypercementosis.
2. Detailed microscopic study of Periodontal ligament & alveolar bone, age changes, histological
changes in periodontal ligament & bone in normal & orthodontic tooth movement, applied aspects
of alveolar bone resorption.
3. Detailed microscopic study of Oral Mucosa, variation in structure in relation to functional
requirements, mechanisms of keratinization, clinical parts of gingiva, Dentogingival &
Mucocutaneous junctions & lingual papillae. Age changes & clinical considerations.
4. Salivary Glands :
♦ Detailed microscopic study of acini & ductal system.
♦ Age changes& clinical considerations.
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5. TM Joint :
♦ Review of basic anatomical aspects & microscopiuc study & clinical considerations.
6. Maxillary Sinus :
♦ Microscopic study, anatomical variations, functions & clinical relevance of maxillary sinus in
dental practice.
7. Processing of Hard & soft tissues for microscopic study :
♦ Ground sections, decalcified sections & routine staining procedures.
8. Basic histochemical staining patterns of oral tissues.
IV. ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Saliva :
♦ Composition of saliva - variations, formation of saliva & mechanisms of secretion, salivary
reflexes, brief review of secretomotor pathway, functions, role of saliva in dental caries &
applied aspects of hyper & hypo salivation.
2. Mastication :
♦ Masticatory force & its measurement - need for mastication, peculiarities of masticatory
muscles, masticatory cycle, masticatory reflexes & neural control of mastication.
3. Deglutition :
♦ Review of the steps in deglutition, swallowing in infants, neural control of deglutition &
dysphagia.
4. Calcium, Phosphorous & fluoride metabolism :
♦ Source, requirements, absorption, distribution, functions & excretion, clinical considerations,
hypo & hypercalcemia & hyper & hypo phosphatemia & fluorosis.
5. Theories of Mineralization :
♦ Definition, mechanisms, theories & their drawbacks.
♦ Applied aspects of physiology of mineralization, pathological considerations - calculus
formation.
6. Physiology of Taste :
♦ Innervation of taste buds & taste pathway, physiologic basis of taste sensation, age changes &
applied aspects - taste disorders.
7. Physiology of Speech :
♦ Review of basic anatomy of larynx & vocal cords.
♦ Voice production, resonators, production of vowels & different consonants - Role of palate,
teeth & tongue.
♦ Effects of dental prosthesis & appliances on speech & basic speech disorders.
4. GENERAL PATHOLOGY
A. General Pathology –
1. Introduction to Pathology
Terminologies
The cell in health
The normal cell structure
The cellular functions
2. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Disease
Cell Injury
Types – congenital
Acquired
Mainly Acquired causes of disease
(Hypoxic injury, chemical injury, physical injury, immunological injury)
3. Degenerations
Amyloidosis
Fatty change
Cloudy swelling
Hyaline change, mucoid degeneration
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4. Cell death & Necrosis
Apoptasis
Def, causes, features and types of necrosis
Gangrene - Dry, wet, gas
Pathological Calcifications
(Dystrophic and metastatic)
5. Inflammation
- Definition, causes types, and features
- Acute inflammation
a. The vascular response
b. The cellular response
c. Chemical mediators
d. The inflammatory cells
e. Fate
- Chronic inflammation
Granulomations inflammation
6. Healing
- Regeneration
- Repair
a. Mechanisms
b. Healing by primary intention
c. Healing by secondary intention
d. Fracture healing
e. Factors influencing healing process
f. Complications
7. Tuberculosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis ( Formation of tubercle)
- Pathological features of Primary and secondary TB
- Complications and Fate
8. Syphilis
- Epidemiology
- Types and stages of syphilis
- Pathological features
- Diagnostic criterias
- Oral lesions
9. Typhoid
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathological features
- Diagnostic criterias
10. Thrombosis
- Definition, Pathophysiology
- Formation, complications & Fate of a thrombus
11. Embolism
- Definition
- Types
- Effects
12. Ischaemia and Infraction
- Definition, etiology, types
- Infraction of various organs
13. Derangements of body fluids
- Oedema – pathogenesis
Different types
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14. Disorders of circulation
- Hyperaemia
- Shock
15. Nutritional Disorders
- Common Vitamin Deficiencies
16. Immunological mechanisms in disease
- Humoral & cellular immunity
- Hypersensitivity & autommunity
17. AIDS and Hepatitis.
18. Hypertension
- Definition, classification
- Pathophysiology
- Effects in various organs
19. Diabetes Mellitus
- Def, Classification, Pathogenesis, Pathology in different organs
20. Adaptive disorders of growth
- Atrophy & Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and Dysplasia
21. General Aspects of neoplesia
a. Definition, terminology, classification
b. Differences between benign and malignant neoplasms
c. The neoplastic cell
d. Metastasis
e. Etiology and pathogenesis of neoplasia, Carcinogenesis
f. Tumour biology
g. Oncogenes and anti-oncogenes
h. Diagnosis
i. Precancerous lesions
j. Common specific tumours, Sq papilloma & Ca, Basal cell Ca, Adenoma & Adenoca,
Fibroma & Fibrosarcoma, Lipoma and liposarcoma
B. Systemic Pathology –
22 Anaemias
- Iron Deficiency anaemia, Megaloblastic anaemia
23.Leukaemias
- Acute and chronic leukaemias, Diagnosis and clinical features
24. Diseases of Lymph nodes
- Hodgkin’s disease, Non Hodgkins lymphoma, Metastatic carcinoma
25. Diseases of oral cavity
- Lichen planus, Stomatitis, Leukoplakia, Sq cell Ca, Dental caries, Dentigerious cyst,
Ameloblastoma
26. Diseases of salivary glands
- Normal structure, Sialadenitis, Tumours
27. Common diseases of Bones
- Osteomyelitis, Metabolic bone diseases, Bone Tumours, Osteosarcoma, Osteocalstoma,
Giant cell Tumour, Ewing’s sarcoma, Fibrous dysplasia, Aneurysmal bone cyst
28.Diseases of Cardiovascular system
- Cardiac failuare
- Congenital heart disease – ASD, VSD,PDA
Fallot’s Tetrology
- Infective Endocarditis
- Atherosclerosis
- Ischaemic heart Disease
29. Haemorrhagic Disorders
Coagulation cascade
Coagulation disorders
- Platelet funtion
- Platelet disorders
Practicals
1.Urine – Abnormal constitutients
- Sugar, albumin, ketone bodies
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2. Urine – Abnormal consittuents
- Blood, bile salts, bile pigments
3. Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation
4. Total WBC count
5. Differential WBC Count
6. Packed cell volume(PCV,) rythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR)
7. Bleeding Time & clotting Time
8. Histopathology
Tissue Processing
Staining
9.Histopathology slides
- Acute appendicitis, Granulation tissue, fatty liver
10. Histopathology slides
CVC lung, CVC liver, Kidney amyloidosis
11. Histopathology slides
Tuberculosis, Actionomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis
12. Histopathology slides
Papilloma, Basal cell Ca, Sq cell Ca
13. Histopathology slides
Osteosarcoma, osteoclastoma, fibrosarcoma
14. Histopathology slides
Malignant melanoma, Ameloblastoma, Adenoma
15. Histopathology slides
Mixed parotid tumour, metastatic
carcinoma in lymph node
MICROBIOLOGY
A. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY:
1. History, Introduction, Scope, Aims and Objectives.
2. Morphology and Physiology of bacteria.
3. Detail account of Sterlisation and Disinfection.
4. Brief account of Culture media and Culture techniques.
5. Basic knowledge of selection, collection, transport, processing of clinical
Specimens and identification of bacteria.
6. Bacterial Genetics and Drug Resistance in bacteria.
B. IMMUNOLOGY:
1. Infection - Definition, Classification, Source, Mode of transmission and types of
Infectious disease.
2. Immunity
3. Structure and functions of Immune system
4. The Complement System
5. Antigen
6. Immunoglobulins - Antibodies - General structure and the role played in defense
mechanism of the body.
7. Immune response
8. Antigen - Antibody reactions - with reference to clinical utility.
9. Immuno deficiency disorders - a brief knowledge of various types of immuno deficiency
disorders - A sound knowledge of immuno deficiency disorders relevant to dentistry.
10. Hypersensitivity reactions
11. Autoimmune disorders - Basic knowledge of various types - sound knowledge of
autoimmune disorders of oral cavity and related structures.
12. Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy
13. Immunehaematology
C. SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY:
1. Pyogenic cocci - Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Gonococcus,
Meningococcus – brief account of each coccus - detailed account of mode of spread, laboratory
diagnosis, Chemo therapy and prevention - Detailed account of Cariogenic Streptococci.
2. Corynebacterium diphtheriae - mode of spread, important clinical feature, Laboratory diagnosis,
Chemotherapy and Active immunisation.
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3. Mycobacteria - Tuberculosis and Leprosy
4. Clostridium - Gas gangrene, food poisoning and tetanus.
5. Non-sporing Anaerobes - in brief about classification and morphology, in detail about dental
pathogens - mechanism of disease production and prevention.
6. Spirochaetes - Treponema pallidum - detailed account of Oral Lesions of syphilis, Borrelia
vincentii.
7. Actinomycetes.
D. VIROLOGY:
1. Introduction
2. General properties, cultivation, host - virus interaction with special reference to
Interferon.
3. Brief account of Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and immuno prophylaxis in
general.
4. A few viruses of relevance to dentistry.
• Herpes Virus
• Hepatitis B Virus - brief about other types
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Mumps Virus
• Brief - Measles and Rubella Virus
5. Bacteriophage - structure and Significance
E. MYCOLOGY
1. Brief Introduction
2. Candidosis - in detail
3. Briefly on oral lesions of systemic mycoses.
F. PARASITOLOGY:
1. Brief introduction - protozoans and helminths
2. Brief knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of commonly seen
parasitic infection in the region.
5. GENERAL AND DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
I. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY:
1. General principles of pharmacology; sources and nature of drugs dosage forms; prescription
writing; pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs), mode of
action of drugs, combined effects of drugs, receptor mechanism of drug action, factors
modifying drug response, adverse drug reactions; drug interactions, Implications of General
Principles in clinical dentistry.
2. CNS drugs; General anaesthetics, hypnotics, analgescis psychotropic drugs, anti – epileptics,
muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics, Implications of these drugs in clinical dentistry.
3. Autonomic drugs; sympathomimetics, antiadrenergic drugs parasympothomimetics and
parasympatholytics, Implications of Autonomic drugs in clinical dentistry.
4. Cardiovascular drugs; Cardiac stimulants ; antihypertensive drugs, vasopressor agents,
treatment of shock, Antianginal agents and diuretics, Implications of these drugs in clinical
dentistry.
5. Autocoids:
Histamine, antihistamines, prostaglandins, leukotriens and bronchodilators, Implications of
Autocoids in clinical dentistry.
6. Drugs acting on blood : coagulants and anticoagulants, hematinics, Implications of these drugs
in clinical dentistry.
7. G.I.T. Drugs, Purgatives, anti-diarrhoeal, antacids, anti-emetics, Implications of these drugs in
clinical dentistry.
8. Endocrines; Emphasis on treatment of diabetes and glucocorticoids, thyroid and antithyroid
agents, drugs affecting calcium balance and anabolic steroids, Implications of these drugs in
clinical dentistry.
9. Chemotherapy: Antimicrobial agents ( against bacteria, anaerobic infections, fungi, virus and
broad spectrum). Infection management in dentistry. Phamacotherapy of Tuberculosis, leprosy
and chemotherapy of malignancy in general. Implications of Chemotherpy in clinical dentistry.
10. Vitamins : Water soluble vitamins, Vit. D, Vit.K. and Vit. E, Implications of Vitamins in clinical
dentistry.
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11. Pharmacotherapy of emergencies in dental office and emergency drugs tray Implications of
Pharmacotherapy in clinical dentistry.
12. Chealating agents – BAL,EDTA and desferrioxamine,
II. DENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
1. Anti - septics, astrigents, obtundents, mummifying agents, bleaching agents, styptics, disclosing
agents, dentifrices, mouth washes, caries and fluorides.
2. Pharmacotherapy of common oral conditions in dentistry.
Practicals and Demonstrations :
To familiarise the student with the methodology: prescription writing and dispensing. Rationale
of drug combinations of marketed drugs.
6. DENTAL MATERIALS
The science of Dental Material has undergone tremendous changes over the years. Continued
research has led to new material systems and changing concepts in the dental field. Interlinked with
various specialised branches of chemistry, practically all engineering applied sciences and biological
characteristics, the science of dental material emerged as a basic sciences in itself with its own values
and principles.
INTRODUCTION
AIMS:
Aim of the course is to present basic chemical and physical properties of Dental materials as they are
related to its manipulation to give a sound educational background so that the practice of the dentistry
emerged from art to empirical status of science as more information through further research
becomes available. It is also the aim of the course of Dental materials to provide with certain criteria of
selection and which will enable to discriminate between facts and propaganda with regards to claims
of manufactures.
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the evolution and development of science of dental material.
To explain purpose of course in dental materials to personnels concerned with the profession of the
dentistry. Knowledge of physical and chemical properties. Knowledge of biomechanical requirements
of particular restorative procedure. An intelligent compromise of the conflicting as well as coordinating
factors into the desired Ernest. Laying down standards or specifications of various
materials to guide to manufacturers as well as to help professionals.
Search for newer and better materials which may answer our requirements with greater satisfaction.
To understand and evaluate the claims made by manufactures of dental materials
NEEDS FOR THE COURSE:
The profession has to rise from an art to a science, , the need for the dentist to possess adequate
knowledge of materials to exercises his best through knowledge of properties of different types of
materials. The growing concern of health hazards due to mercury toxicity, inhalation of certain vapour
or dust materials, irritations and allergic reaction to skin due to contact of materials. Materials causing
irritation of oral tissues, pH of restorative materials causing inflammation and necrosis of pulp which is
a cause for the dentist to posses wider knowledge of physical, chemical and biological properties of
materials being used. For the protection for the patient and his own protection certain criteria of
selection are provided that will enable the dentist to discriminate between facts and propaganda,
which will make a material biologically accept.
SCOPE:
The dental materials is employed in mechanical procedures including restorative dentistry such as
Prosthodontics, endodontics, periodontal, orthodontics and restorative materials. There is scarcely a
dental procedure that does not make use of dental materials in one form or another and therefore the
application of dental material is not limited to any one branch of dentistry. Branches such as minor
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surgery and periodontics require less use of materials but the physical and chemical characters of
materials are important in these fields.
The toxic and tissue reaction of dental materials and their durability in the oral cavity where the
temperature is between 32 & 37 degree centigrade, and the ingestion of hot or cold food ranges from
0-70 degree centigrade. The acid an alkalinity of fluids shown pH varies from 4 to 8.5. The load on 1
sq. mm of tooth or restorative materials can reach to a level as high as many kilograms. Thus the
biological properties of dental materials cannot be separated from their physical and chemical
properties.
2). STRUCTURE OF MATTER AND PRINCIPLES OF ADHESION.
Change of state, inter atomic primary bonds, inter atomic secondary bonds, inter atomic bond
distance and bonding energy, thermal energy, crystalline structure, non crystalline structures,
diffusion, adhesion and bonding and adhesion to tooth structures.
3). IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES APPLICABLE TO DENTAL MATERIALS
Physical properties are based on laws of mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, electricity,
magnetism, radiation, atomic structure or nuclear phenomena. Hue, value, chroma and translucency
physical properties based on laws of optics, dealing with phenomena of light, vision and sight.
Thermal conductivity & coefficient of thermal expansion are physical properties based on laws of
thermodynamics. Stress, strain, proportional limit, elastic limit yield strength, modulus of elasticity,
flexibility, resilience, impact, impact strength, permanent deformation, strength, flexure strength
fatigue, static fatigue, toughness, brittleness, ductility & malleability, hardness, abrasion resistance,
relaxation, rheology, Thixotropic, creep, static creep, dynamic creep, flow, colour, three dimensional
colour – hue, values, chroma, Munsell system, metamersim, fluorescence, physical properties of
tooth, stress during mastication
4). BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN USE OF DENTAL MATERIALS.
Materials used are with the knowledge of appreciation of certain biological considerations for use in
oral cavity. Requirement of materials with biological compatibility. Classification of materials from
perspective of biological compatibility. eg. contact with soft tissues, affecting vitality of pulp, used for
root canal fillings, affecting hard tissues of teeth, laboratory materials that could be accidentally be
inhaled or ingested during handling. Hazards associated with materials: pH-effecting pulp, polymers
causing chemical irritation, mercury toxicity, etc. Microleakage, Thermal changes, Galvanism, toxic
effect of materials. Biological evaluation for systemic toxicity, skin irritation, mutagenecity and
carcinogenicity. Disinfection of dental materials for infection control.
5). GYPSUM & GYPSUM PRODUCTS.
Gypsum – its origin, chemical formula, Products manufactured from gypsum.
Dental plaster, Dental stone, Die stone, high strength, high expansion stone.
Application and manufacturing procedure of each, macroscopic and microscopic structure of each .
Supplied as and Commercial names.
Chemistry of setting, setting reaction, theories of setting, gauging water, Microscopic structure of set
material.
Setting time: working time and setting time, Measurement of setting time and factors controlling
setting time .
Setting expansion, Hygroscopic setting expansion – factors affecting each
Strength :wet strength, dry strength, factors affecting strength, tensile strength
Slurry – need and use.
Care of cast.
ADA classification of gypsum products
Description of impression plaster and dental investment
Manipulation including recent methods or advanced methods.
Disinfection : infection control, liquids, sprays, radiation
Method of use of disinfectants
Storage of material – shelf life
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6) IMPRESSION MATERIALS USED IN DENTISTRY
Impression plaster, Impression compound, Zinc oxide eugenol impression paste & bite registration
paste incl., non eugenol paste, Hydrocolloids, reversible and irreversible, Elastomeric impression
materials. Polysulphide, Condensation silicones, Addition silicones, Polyether, Visible light cure
polyether urethane dimethacrylate, Historical background & development of each impression material,
Definition of impression , Purpose of making impression, Ideal properties required and application of
material, Classification as per ADA specification, general & individual impression material.
Application and their uses in different disciplines, Marketed as and their commercial names, Mode of
supply & mode of application bulk/wash impression. Composition, chemistry of setting ,Control of
setting time , Type of impression trays required, Adhesion to tray, manipulation, instruments &
equipments required. Techniques of impression, storage of impression, (Compatibility with cast and
die material). Any recent advancements in material and mixing devices. Study of properties: Working
time, setting time, flow, accuracy, strength, flexibility, tear strength, dimensional stability, compatibility
with cast & die materials incl., electroplating Biological properties: tissue reaction , Shelf life & storage
of material, Infection control – disinfection, Advantages & disadvantages of each material.
7). SYNTHETIC RESINS USED IN DENTISTRY.
Historical background and development of material, Denture base materials and their classification
and requirement
Classification of resins
Dental resins – requirements of dental resins, applications, polymerisation, polymerisation mechanism
stages in addition polymerisation, inhibition of polymerisation, co polymerization, molecular weight,
crosslinking, plastixizers, Physical properties of polymers, polymer structures types of resins.
ACRYLIC RESINS:
Mode of polymerisation: Heat activated, Chemically activated, Light activated, Mode of supply,
application, composition, polymerisation reaction of each. Technical considerations: Methods of
manipulation for each type of resin. Physical properties of denture base resin. Miscellaneous resins &
techniques: Repair resins, Relining and rebasing. Short term and long-term soft-liners, temporary
crown and bridge resins, Resin impression trays, Tray materials, Resin teeth, materials in
maxillofacial prosthesis, Denture cleansers, Infection control in detail, Biological properties and
allergic reactions.
RESTORATIVE RESINS:
Historical background, Resin based restorative materials, Unfilled & filled, Composite restorative
materials, Mode of supply, Composition, Polymerisation mechanisms: Chemically activated, Light
activated, Dual cure: Degree of conversion, Polymerisation shrinkage Classification of Composites:
Application, composition and properties of each Composites of posterior teeth, Prosthodontics resins
for veneering. Biocompatibility – microleakage, pulpal reaction, pulpal protection Manipulation of
composites: Techniques of insertion of Chemically activated, light activated, dual cure Polymerisation,
Finishing and polishing of restoration, Repair of composites Direct bonding Bonding: Need for
bonding, Acid - etch technique, Enamel bonding, Dentin bonding agents. Mode of bonding, Bond
strength, Sandwich technique its indication and procedure. Extended application for composites:
Resins for restoring eroded teeth, Pit and fissure sealing, Resin inlays system – Indirect & direct, Core
build up, Orthodontic applications.
8). METAL AND ALLOYS:
Structure and behaviour of metals, Solidification of metals, mechanism of crystallisation amorphous &
crystalline. Classification of alloys, Solid solutions, Constitutes or equilibrium phase diagrams:Electric
alloys, Physical properties, Peritectic alloys, Solid state reaction other binary systems: Metallography
& Heat treatment. Tarnish and corrosion. Definition: causes of corrosion, protection against corrosion.,
Corrosion of dental restorations, clinical significance of galvanic current. Dental Amalgam.
History:
Definition of dental amalgam, application, Alloy classification, manufacture of alloy powder
composition - available as.
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Amalgamation : setting reaction & resulting structure , properties , Microleakage
Dimensional stability, Strength, Creep, Clinical performance
Manipulation: Selection of alloy, proportioning, mechanism of trituration, condensation, carving &
finishing. Effect of dimensional changes, Marginal deterioration., Repair of amalgam, mercury toxicity,
mercury hygiene.
DIRECT FILLING GOLD:
Properties of pure gold, mode of adhesion of gold for restoration forms of direct filling gold for using
as restorative material
Classification : Gold Foil, Electrolytic precipitate, powdered gold.
Manipulation: Removal of surface impurities and compaction of direct filling gold.
Physical properties of compacted gold, Clinical performance.
DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS:
Historical background, desirable properties of casting alloys.
Alternatives to cast metal technology: direct filling gold, amalgam, mercury free condensable
intermetallic compound - an alternative to metal casting process. CAD-CAM process for metal &
ceramic inlays - without need of impression of teeth or casting procedure, pure titanium, most bio
compatible metal which are difficult to cast can be made into crowns with the aid of CAD- CAM
technology . Another method of making copings - by copy milling (without casting procedures).
Classification of casting alloys: By function & description.
Recent classification , High noble (HN), Noble (N) and predominantly base metal (PB)
Alloys for crown & bridge, metal ceramic & removable partial denture. Composition, function,
constituents and application, each alloy both noble and base metal. Properties of alloys: Melting
range, mechanical properties, hardness, elongation, modulus of elasticity, tarnish and corrosion.
Casting shrinkage and compensation of casting shrinkage. Biocompatability - Handling hazards &
precautions of base metal alloys, casting investments used. Heat treatment : Softening & hardening
heat treatment. Recycling of metals. Titanium alloys & their application , properties & advantages.
Technical considerations In casting . Heat source, furnaces.
9). DENTAL WAXES INCLUDING INLAY CASTING WAX
Introduction and importance of waxes. Sources of natural waxes and their chemical nature.
Classification of Waxes:
Properties: melting range, thermal expansion, mechanical properties, flow & residual stresses,
ductility. Dental Wax: Inlay wax: Mode of supply : Classification & composition, Ideal requirements:
Properties of inlay wax: Flow, thermal properties Wax distortion & its causes.
Manipulation of inlay wax: Instruments & equipment required, including electrically heated
instruments metal tips and thermostatically controlled wax baths.
Other waxes: Applications, mode of supply & properties.
Casting Wax, Base plate wax, Processing wax, Boxing wax, Utility wax, Sticky wax, Impression wax
for corrective impressions, Bite registration wax.
10). DENTAL CASTING INVESTMENTS.
Definition, requirements, classification
Gypsum bonded - classification. Phosphate bonded, Silica bonded
Mode of Supply: Composition, application , setting mechanism, setting time & factors controlling.
Expansions :Setting expansion, Hygroscopic Setting expansion, & thermal expansion : factors
affecting. Properties : Strength, porosity, and fineness & storage. Technical considerations: For
Casting procedure, Preparation of die, Wax pattern, spruing, investing, control of shrinkage
compensation, wax burnout, and heating the invested ring, casting. Casting machines, source of heat
for melting the alloy. Defects in casting.
11). SOLDERING, BRAZING AND WELDING
Need of joining dental appliances, Terms & Definition
Solders: Definition, ideal requirement, types of solders – Soft & hard and their fusion temperature,
application. Mode of supply of solders, Composition and selection, Properties. Tarnish & corrosion
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resistance mechanical properties, microstructure of soldered joint. Fluxes & Anti fluxes: Definition,
Function, Types, commonly used fluxes & their selection Technique of Soldering & Brazing : free
hand soldering and investment, steps and procedure. Welding,: Definition, application, requirements,
procedure, weld decay - causes and how to avoid it. Laser welding.
WROUGHT BASE METAL ALLOYS
Applications and different alloys used mainly for orthodontics purpose
1. Stainless steel
2. Cobalt chromium nickel
3. Nickel titanium
4. Beta titanium
Properties required for orthodontic wires, working range, springiness, stiffness, resilience, Formability,
ductility, ease of joining, corrosion resistance, stability in oral environment, bio compatibility
Stainless steels: Description, type, composition & properties of each type. Sensitisation &
stabilisation, Mechanical properties – strength, tensile, yield strength, KHN. Braided & twisted wires
their need, Solders for stainless steel, Fluxes, Welding
1. Wrought cobalt chromium nickel alloys, composition, allocation, properties, heat treatment,
physical properties
2. Nickel – Titanium alloys, shape, memory & super elastic
3. Titanium alloys, application, composition, properties, welding, Corrosion resistance
12). DENTAL CEMENTS
Definition & Ideal requirements:
Cements: Silicate, Glass ionomer, metal modified glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer, zinc
oxide eugenol, modified zinc oxide eugenol, zinc phosphate, zinc silico phosphate, zinc poly
carboxylate, Cavity liners and cement bases, Varnishes Calcium hydroxide, Gutta percha
Application, classification (general and individual ), setting mechanism, mode of supply, Properties,
factors affecting setting, special emphasis on critical procedures of manipulation and protection of
cement, mode of adhesion, biomechansim of caries inhibition.
Agents for pulpal protection., Modifications and recent advances, Principles of cementation. Special
emphasis on cavity liners and cement bases and luting agents.
13). DENTAL CERAMICS
Historical background & General applications.
Dental ceramics : definition, classification, application, mode of supply, manufacturing procedure,
methods of strengthening. Properties of fused ceramic: Strength and factors affecting, modulus of
elasticity, surface hardness, wear resistance, thermal properties, specific gravity, chemical stability,
esthetic properties, biocompatability, technical considerations.
Metal Ceramics (PFM): Alloys - Types and composition of alloys. Ceramic - Type and Composition.
Metal Ceramic Bond - Nature of bond. Bonding using electro deposition, foil copings, bonded
platinum foil, swaged gold alloy foil coping. Technical considerations for porcelain and porcelain
fused metal restorations. Recent advances - all porcelain restorations, Manganese core, injection
moulded, castable ceramics, glass infiltrated alumina core ceramic (In ceram), ceramic veners, inlays
and onlays, and CAD - CAM ceramic. Chemical attack of ceramic by fluoride. Porcelain furnaces.
14). ABRASION & POLISHING AGENTS
Definition of abrasion and polishing. Need of abrasion and polishing. Types of abrasives: Finishing,
polishing & cleaning. Types of abrasives: Diamond, Emery, aluminium oxides garnet, pumice,
Kieselgurh, tripoli, rouge, tin oxide, chalk, chromic oxide, sand, carbides, diamond, zirconium silicate
Zinc oxide
ABRASIVE ACTION :
Desirable characteristics of an abrasive, Rate of abrasion, Size of particle, pressure and speed.
19
Grading of abrasive & polishing agents. Binder, Polishing materials & procedures used. Technical
consideration - Material and procedure used for abrasion and polishin Electrolytic polishing and
burnishing.
15). DIE AND COUNTER DIE MATERIALS INCLUDING ELECTROFORMING
AND ELECTROPOLISHING.
Types – Gypsum products, Electroforming, Epoxy resin, Amalgam.
16). DENTAL IMPLANTS : Evolution of dental implants, types and materials.
17). MECHANICS OF CUTTING : Burs and points.
At the end of the course the student should have the knowledge about the composition, properties,
manipulative techniques and their various commercial names. The student should also acquire skills
to select and use the materials appropriately for laboratory and clinical use.
7. PRE CLINICAL CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY LABORATORY EXERCISES
1. Identification and study of handcutting instruments chisles, gingival margin trimmers, excavators
and hatchet.
2. Identification and use of rotary cutting instruments in contra angle hand pieces burs
(Micromotor)
3. Preparation class I and extended class I and class II and MOD’s and class V amounting to 10
exercises in plaster models.
4. 10 exercises in mounted extracted teeth of following class I, 4 in number class I extended
cavities 2, class II 4 in number and Class V 2 in number. Cavity preparation base application
matrix and wedge placement restoration with amalgam.
5. Exercises on phantom head models which includes cavity preparation base and varnish
application matrix and wedge placement followed by amalgam restoration.
Class I 5
Class I with extension 2
Class II 10
Class II Mods 2
Class V and III forglass ionmers 4
Class V for amalgam 2
6. Polishing of above restorations.
7. Demonstration of Class III and Class V cavity preparation. For composites on extracted tooth
completing the restoration.
8. Polishing and finishing of the restoration of composites.
9. Identification and manipulation of varnish bases like Zinc Phosphate, Poly carboxylate, Glass
Ionomers, Zinc Oxide, Euginol cements.
10. Identification and manipulation of various matrices, tooth separators and materials like
composites and modified glassionomer cements.
11. Cast Restoration
1. Preparation of Class II inlay cavity
2. Fabrication of wax pattern
3. Sprue for inner attachment investing
4. Investing of wax pattern
5. Finishing and cementing of class II inlay in extracted tooth.
12. Endodontics
1. Identification of basic endodontic instruments
2. Cornal access cavity preparation on extracted. Upper central incisiors
3. Determination of working length.
4. Biomechanical preparation of root canal space of central incisor
5. Obfuration of root canal spaces. Absens of cornal access cavity.
6. Closure of acess cavity
8. ORAL PATHOLOGY & ORAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. Developmental disturbances of teeth, jaws and soft tissues of oral & paraoral region :
♦ Introduction to developmental disturbances - Hereditary, Familial mutation, Hormonal etc. causes
to be highlighted.
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♦ Developmental disturbances of teeth - Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, radiological features &
histopathological features as appropriate :-
The size, shape, number, structure & eruption of teeth & clinical significance of the anomalies to be
emphasized.
♦ Forensic Odontology.
♦ Developmental disturbances of jaws - size & shape of the jaws.
♦ Developmental disturbances of oral & paraoral soft tissues - lip & palate - clefts, tongue, gingiva,
mouth, salivary glands & face.
2. Dental Caries :
♦ Etiopathogenesis, microbiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, immunology,
prevention of dental caries & its sequelae.
3. Pulp & Periapical Pathology & Osteomyelitis.
♦ Etiopathogenesis & interrelationship, clinical features, microbiology, histopathology & radiological
features (as appropriate) of pulp & periapical lesions & osteomyelitis.
♦ Sequelae of periapical abscess - summary of space infections, systemic complications &
significance.
4. Periodontal Diseases :
♦ Etiopathogenesis, microbiology, clinical features, histopathology & radiological features (as
appropriate) of gingivitis, gingival enlargements & periodontitis. Basic immunological mechanisms
of periodontal disease to be highlighted.
5. Microbial infections of oral soft tissues :
♦ Microbiology, defence mechanisms including immunological aspects, oral manifestations,
histopathogy and laboratory diagnosis of common bacterial, viral & fungal infections namely :-
Bacterial : Tuberculosis, Syphilis, ANUG & its complications - Cancrum Oris.
Viral : Herpes Simplex, Varicella zoster, Measles, Mumps & HIV infection.
Fungal : Candidal infection. Apthous Ulcers.
6. Common non- inflammatory diseases involving the jaws :
♦ Etiopathogenesis, clinical features, radiological & laboratory values in diagnosis of :
Fibrous dysplasia, Cherubism, Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Paget's disease, Cleidocranial dysplasia,
Rickets, Achondroplasia, Marfan's syndrome & Down's syndrome.
7. Diseases of TM Joint :
♦ Ankylosis, summary of different types of arthritis & other developmental malformations, traumatic
injuries & myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.
8. Cysts of the Oral & Paraoral region :
♦ Classification, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, laboratory & radiological features
(as appropriate) of Odontogenic cysts, Non-Odontogenic cysts, Pseudocysts of jaws & soft tissue
cysts of oral & paraoral region.
9. Tumours of the Oral Cavity :
♦ Classification of Odontogenic, Non-Odontogenic & Salivary Gland Tumours. Etiopathogenesis,
clinical features, histopathology, radiological features & laboratory diagnosis (as appropriate) of the
following common tumours :-
a) Odontogenic - all lesions.
b) Non-odontogenic
- Benign Epithelial - Papilloma, Keratoacanthoma & Naevi.
- Benign Mesenchymal - Fibroma, Aggressive fibrous lesions, Lipoma,
Haemangioma,Lymphangioma, Neurofibroma,
Schwannoma, Chondroma, Osteoma & Tori.
- Malignant Epithelial - Basal Cell Carcinoma, Verrucous Carcinoma,
Squamous Cell carcinoma &
Malignant Melanoma.
- Malignant Mesenchymal - Fibrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma, Giant cell
tumour, Chondrosarcoma, Angiosarcoma,
Kaposi's sarcoma, Lymphomas , Ewing’s sarcoma &
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Other Reticuloendothelial tumours.
c) Salivary Gland
- Benign Epithelial neoplasms - Pleomorphic Adenoma, Warthin's tumour,
& Oncocytoma.
- Malignant Epithelial neoplasms - Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma,
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma,
Acinic Cell Carcinoma & Adenocarcinomas.
d) Tumours of Disputed Origin - Congenital Epulis & Granular Cell Myoblastoma.
e) Metastatic tumours - Tumors metastasizing to & from oral cavity & the routes
of metastasis.
10. Traumatic, Reactive & Regressive lesions of Oral Cavity :
♦ Pyogenic & Giant cell granuloma, exostoses Fibrous Hyperplasia, Traumatic Ulcer & Traumatic
Neuroma.
♦ Attrition, Abrasion, Erosion, Bruxism, Hypercementosis, Dentinal changes, Pulp calcifications &
Resorption of teeth.
♦ Radiation effects of oral cavity, summary of Physical & Chemical injuries including allergic
reactions of the oral cavity.
♦ Healing of Oral wounds & complications - Dry socket.
11. Non neoplastic Salivary Gland Diseases :
♦ Sialolithiasis, Sialosis, Sialadenitis, Xerostomia & Ptyalism.
12. Systemic Diseases involving Oral cavity :
♦ Brief review & oral manifestations, diagnosis & significance of common Blood, Nutritional,
Hormonal & Metabolic diseases of Oral cavity.
13. Mucocutaneous Lesions :
♦ Etiopathogenesis, clinical features & histopathology of the following common lesions.
Lichen Planus, Lupus Erythematosus, Pemphigus & Pemphigoid lesions, Erythema Multiforme,
Psoriasis, Scleroderma, Ectodermal Dysplasia, Epidermolysis bullosa & White sponge nevus..
14. Diseases of the Nerves :
♦ Facial neuralgias - Trigeminal & Glossopharyngeal. VII nerve paralysis, Causalgia.
♦ Psychogenic facial pain & Burning mouth syndrome.
15. Pigmentation of Oral & Paraoral region & Discolouration of teeth :
♦ causes & clinical manifestations.
16. Diseases of Maxillary Sinus :
♦ Traumatic injuries to sinus, Sinusitis, Cysts & Tumours involving antrum.
17. a) ORAL PRECANCER – CANCER; Epidemiology, aetiology, clinical and histopatholotgical
features, TNM classification. Recent advances in diagnosis, management and
prevention.
b) Biopsy : Types of biopsy, value of biopsy, cytology, histo chemistry & frozen sections in
diagnosis of oral diseases.
18. Principles of Basic Forensic Odontology (Pre-clinical Forensic Odontology):
♦ Introduction, definition, aims & scope.
♦ Sex and ethnic (racial) differences in tooth morphology and histological age estimation
♦ Determination of sex & blood groups from buccal mucosa / saliva.
♦ Dental DNA methods
♦ Bite marks, rugae patterns & lip prints.
♦ Dental importance of poisons and corrosives.
♦ Overview of forensic medicine and toxicology
9. GENERAL MEDICINE
THEORY SYLLABUS
CORE TOPICS COLLATERAL TOPICS
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(Must Know)
1. Aims of medicine Definitions of signs, symptoms,
diagnosis, differential diagnosis treatment & prognosis.
(Desirable to Know)
2. Infections.
Enteric fever, AIDS, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, syphilis
diphtheria.
Infectious mononucleosis mumps, measles,
rubella, malaria.
3. G.I.T.
Stomatitis, gingival hyperplasia, dysphagia, acid peptic
disease, jaundice, acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of
liver ascites.
Diarrhea
Dysentery
Amoebiasis
Malabsorhtion
4. CVS
Acute rheumatic fever rheumatic valvular heart disease,
hypertension, ischemic heart disease, infective endocarditis,
common arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, congestive
cardiac failure.
5. RS
Pneumonia, COPD, Pulmonary TB, Bronehial asthma
Lung Abscess
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Bronchiectasis
Lung cancers.
6. Hematology
Anemias, bleeding & clotting disorders, leukemias,
lymphomas, agranulocytosis, splenomegaly, oral
manifestations of hematologic disorders, generalized
Lymphadenopathy.
7. Renal System
Acute nephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
Renal failure
8, Nutrition
Avitaminosis
Balanced diet
PEM
Avitaminosis
9. CNS
Facial palsy, facial pain including trigeminal neuralgia,
epilepsy, headache including migraine.
- Meningitis
- Examination of comatose patient
- Examination of cranial nerves.
10. Endocrines
Diabetes Mellitus Acromegaly, Hypothyroidism,
Thyrotoxicosis, Calcium metabolism and parathyroids.
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome.
11. Critical care
Syncope, cardiac arrest, CPR, shock
Ac LVF
ARDS
CLINICAL TRAINING:
The student must be able to take history, do general physical examination (including build,
nourishment, pulse, BP, respiration, clubbing, cyanosis, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, oral cavity) and
be able to examine CVS, RS and abdomen and facial nerve.
10. GENERAL SURGERY
1. HISTORY OF SURGERY:
The development of surgery as a speciality over the years, will give the students an opportunity
to know the contributions made by various scientists, teachers and investigators. It will also
enable the student to understand the relations of various specialities in the practice of modern
surgery.
23
2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY:
Introduction to various aspects of surgical principles as related to orodental diseases.
Classification of diseases in general. This will help the student to understand the various
diseases, their relevance to routine dental practice.
3. WOUNDS:
Their classification, wound healing, repair, treatment of wounds, medico-legal aspects of
accidental wounds and complications of wounds.
4. INFLAMMATION:
Of soft and hard tissues. Causes of inflammation, varieties, treatment and sequelae.
5. INFECTIONS:
Acute and chronic abscess skin infections, cellulitis, carbuncle, and erysepelas. Specific
infections such as tetanus, gangrene, syphilis, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, Actinomycosis,
Vincents angina, cancrum oris. Pyaemia, toxaemia and septicaemia.
6. TRNSMISSABLE VIRAL INFECTIONS:
HIV and Hepatitis B with special reference to their prevention and precautions to be taken in
treating patients in a carrier state.
7. SHOCK AND HAEMORRHAGE:
Classification, causes, clinical features and management of various types of shock. Syncope,
Circulatory collapse. Haemorrhage – different types, causes, clinical features and management.
Blood groups, blood transfusion, precautions and complications of blood and their products.
Hemophilia’s, their transmission, clinical features and management especially in relation to
minor dental procedures.
8. TUMOURS, ULCERS, CYSTS, SINUS AND FISTULAE:
Classification, clinical examination and treatment principles in various types of benign and
malignant tumours, ulcers, cysts, sinus and fistulae.
9. DISEASES OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
Especially those occurring in head and neck region. Special emphasis on identifying diseases
such as tubercular infection, lymphomas, leukaemias, metastatic lymph node diseases.
10. DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY:
Infective and malignant diseases of the oral cavity and oropharynx including salivary glands
with special emphasis on preventive aspects of premalignant and malignant diseases of the oral
cavity.
11. DISEASES OF LARYNX, NASOPHARYNX:
Infections and tumours affecting these sites. Indications, procedure and complications of
tracheostmy.
12. NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Surgical problems associated with nervous system with special reference to the principles of
peripheral nerve injuries, their regeneration and principles of treatment. Detailed description of
afflictions of facial nerve and its management. Trigeminal neuralgia, its presentation and
treatment.
13. FRACTURES:
General principles of fractures, clinical presentation and treatment with additional reference to
newer methods of fracture treatment. Special emphasis on fracture healing and rehabilitation.
14. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIVE SURGERY:
Principles as applicable to minor surgical procedures including detailed description of asepsis,
antiseptics, sterilisation, principles of anaesthesia and principles of tissue replacement.
Knowledge of sutures, drains, diathermy, cryosurgery and use of Laser in surgery.
24
15. ANOMOLIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF FACE:
Surgical anatomy and development of face. Cleft lip and cleft palate—principles of
management.
16. DISEASES OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID:
Surgical anatomy, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of dysfunction of thyroid
and parathyroid glands. Malignant diseases of the thyroid—classification, clinical features and
management.
17. SWELLINGS OF THE JAW:
Differential diagnosis and management of different types of swellings of the jaw.
18. BIOPSY:
Different types of biopsies routinely used in surgical practice.
Skills to be developed by the end of teaching is to examine a routine swelling, ulcer and other
related diseases and to perform minor surgical procedures such as draining an abscess, taking
a biopsy etc.
11. CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS
1. Nomenclature Of Dentition:
Tooth numbering systems A.D.A. Zsigmondy Palmer and F.D.I. systems.
2. Principles Of Cavity Preparation :
Steps and nomenclature of cavity preparation classification of cavities, nomenclature of floors
angles of cavities.
3. Dental Caries :
Aetiology, classification clinical features, morphological features, microscopic features, clinical
diagnosis and sequel of dental caries.
4. Treatment Planning For Operative Dentistry:
Detailed clinical examination , radiographic examination, tooth vitality tests, diagnosis and
treatment planning, preparation of the case sheet.
5. Gnathological Concepts Of Restoration:
Physiology of occlusion, normal occlusion, Ideal occlusion, mandibular movements and occlusal
analysis. Occlusal rehabilitation and restoration.
6. Aramamentarium For Cavity Preparation:
General classification of operative instruments, Hand cutting instruments design formula and
sharpening of instruments. Rotary cutting instruments dental bur, mechanism of cutting,
evaluation of hand piece and speed current concepts of rotary cutting procedures. Sterilisation
and maintenance of instruments. Basic instrument tray set up.
7. Control of Operating Filed:
Light source sterilisation field of operation control of moisture, rubber dam in detail, cotton rolls
and anti sialogagues.
8. Amalgam Restoration :
Indication contraindication, physical and mechanical properties , clinical behaviour. Cavity
preparation for Class I , II, V and III. Step wise procedure for cavity preparation and restoration.
Failure of amalgam restoration.
9. Pulp Protection :
Liners, varnishes and bases, Zinc phosphate, zinc polycarboxylate, zinc oxide eugenol and
glass inomer cements.
10. Anterior Restorations :
Selection of cases, selection of material, step wise procedures for using restorations , silicate (
theory only) glass inomers, composites, including sand witch restorations and bevels of the
same with a note on status of the dentine bonding agents.
11. Direct Filling Gold Restorations :
Types of direct filling gold indications and limitations of cohesive gold. Annealing of gold foil
cavity preparation and condensation of gold foils.
12. Preventive Measures In Restorative Practice :
Plaque Control, Pitand fissure sealants dietary measures restorative procedure and periodontal
health. Contact and contour of teeth and restorations matrices tooth separation and wedges.
13. Temporisation or Interim Restoration.
25
14. Pin Amalgam Restoration Indication Contra Indication :
Advantages disadvantages of each types of pin methods of placement use of auto matrix.
Failure of pin amalgam restoration.
15. Management Of Deep Carious Lesions Indirect And Direct Pulp Capping.
16. Non Carious Destruction’s Tooth Structures Diagnosis and Clinical Management
17. Hyper Sensitive Dentine And Its Management.
18. Cast Restorations
Indications, contra indications, advantages and disadvantages and materials used for same
Class II and Class I cavity preparation for inlays fabrication of wax pattern spurring inverting and
casting procedures & casting defects.
19. Die Materials And Preparation Of Dies.
20. Gingival Tissue Management For Cast Restoration And Impression Procedures
21. Recent Cavity Modification Amalgam Restoration.
22. Differences between Amalgam And Inlay Cavity preparation with note on all the types of Bewels
used for Cast Restoration.
23. Control Of Pain During Operative Procedures.
24. Treatment Planning For Operative Dentistry Detailed Clinical Examination Radiographic
Examination
25. Vitality Tests, Diagnosis And Treatment Planning And Preparation Of Case Sheet.
26. Applied Dental Materials.
1. Biological Considerations.
Evaluation, clinical application and adverse effects of the following materials. Dental
cements, Zinc oxide euginol cements zinc phosphate cements, polycarboxylates glass
ionomer cements, silicate cement calcium hydroxides varnishes.
2. Dental amalgam, technical considerations mercury toxicity mercury hygiene.
3. Composite, Dentine bonding agents, chemical and light curing composites
4. Rubber base Imp. Materials
5. Nobel metal alloys & non noble metal alloys
6. Investment and die materials
7. Inlay casting waxes
8. Dental porcelain
9. Aesthetic Dentistry
27. Endodontics: introduction definition scope and future of endodontics
28. Clinical diagnostic methods
29. Emergency endodontic procedures
30. Pulpal diseases causes, types and treatment .
31. Periapical diseases: acute periapical abscess, acute periodontal abscess phoeix abscess,
chronic alveolar abscess granuloma cysts condensing osteits, external resorption.
32. Vital pulp therapy: indirect and direct pulp capping pulpotomy different types and medicaments
used.
33. Apexogenisis and apexification or problems of open apex.
34. Rationale of endodontic treatment case selection indication and contraindications for root
canal treatments.
35. Principles of root canal treatment mouth preparation root canal instruments, hand instruments,
power driven instruments, standardisation color coding principle of using endodontic
instruments. Sterilisation of root canal instruments and materials rubber dam application.
36. Anatomy of the pulp cavity: root canals apical foramen. Anomalies of pulp cavities access
cavity preparation of anterior and premolar teeth.
37. Preparation of root canal space . Determination of working length, cleaning and shaping of
root canals, irrigating solution chemical aids to instrumentation.
38. Disinfection of root canal space intracanal medicaments, poly antibiotic paste ross mans
paste, mummifying agents. Out line of root canal treatment, bacteriological examinations,
culture methods.
39. Problems during cleaning and shaping of root canal spaces. Perforation and its management.
Broken instruments and its management, management of single and double curved root
canals.
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40. Methods of cleaning and shaping like step back crown down and conventional methods.
41. Obturation of the root canal system. Requirements of an ideal root canal filling material
obturation methods using gutta percha healing after endodontic treatment. Failures in
endodontics.
42. Root canal sealers. Ideal properties classification. Manipulation of root canal sealers.
43. post endodontic restoration fabrication and components of post core preparation.
44. smear layer and its importance in endodontics and conservative treatment.
45. discoloured teeth and its management. Bleaching agents, vital and non vital bleaching
methods.
46. traumatised teeth classification of fractured teeth. Management of fractured tooth and root.
Luxated teeth and its management.
47. endodontic surgeries indication contraindications, pre operative preparation. Pre medication
surgical instruments and techniques apicectomy, retrograde filling, post operative sequale
terphination hemisection, radiscetomy techniques of tooth reimplantation (both intentional and
accidental) endodontic implants.
48. root resorption.
49. emergency endodontic procedures.
50. lasers in conservative endodontics (introduction only) practice management
51. professional association dentist act 1948 and its amendment 1993.
52. duties towards the govt. Like payments of professional tax, income tax.
53. financial management of practice
54. dental material and basic equipment management.
55. Ethics
12. ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
1. Introduction, definition, scope, aims and objectives.
2. Diagnosis in oral surgery:
(A) History taking
(B) Clinical examination
(C) Investigations.
3. Principles of infection control and cross-infection control with particular reference to HIV/AIDS and
Hepatitis.
4. Principles of Oral Surgery -
a) Asepsis: Definition, measures to prevent introduction of infection during surgery.
1. Preparation of the patient
2. Measures to be taken by operator
3. Sterilisation of instruments - various methods of sterilisation etc.
4. Surgery set up.
b) Painless Surgery:
1. Pre-anaesthetic considerations. Pre-medication: purpose, drugs used
2. Anaesthetic considerations -
a) Local b) Local with IV sedations
3. Use of general anaesthetic
c) Access:
Intra-oral: Mucoperiosteal flaps, principles, commonly used intra oral incisions.
Bone Removal: Methods of bone removal.
Use of Burs: Advantages & precautions
Bone cutting instruments: Principles of using chisel & osteotome.
Extra-oral: Skin incisions - principles, various extra-oral incision to expose facial skeleton.
a) Submandibular
b) Pre auricular
c) Incision to expose maxilla & orbit
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d) Bicoronal incision
d) Control of haemorrhage during surgery
Normal Haemostasis
Local measures available to control bleeding
Hypotensive anaesthesia etc.
e) Drainage & Debridement
Purpose of drainage in surgical wounds
Types of drains used
Debridement: purpose, soft tissue & bone debridement.
f) Closure of wounds
Suturing: Principles, suture material, classification, body response to various
materials etc.
g) Post operative care
Post operative instructions
Physiology of cold and heat
Control of pain - analgesics
Control of infection - antibiotics
Control of swelling - anti-inflammatory drugs
Long term post operative follow up - significance.
5. Exodontia: General considerations
Ideal Extraction.
Indications for extraction of teeth
Extractions in medically compromised patients.
Methods of extraction -
(a) Forceps or intra-alveolar or closed method.
Principles, types of movement, force etc.
(b) Trans-alveolar, surgical or open method, Indications, surgical procedure.
Dental elevators: uses, classification, principles in the use of elevators, commonly
used elevators.
Complications of Exodontia -
Complications during exodontia
Common to both maxilla and mandible.
Post-operative complications -
Prevention and management of complications.
6. Impacted teeth:
Incidence, definition, aetiology.
(a) Impacted mandibular third molar.
Classification, reasons for removal,
Assessment - both clinical & radiological
Surgical procedures for removal.
Complications during and after removal,
Prevention and management.
(b) Maxillary third molar,
Indications for removal, classification,
Surgical procedure for removal.
(c) Impacted maxillary canine
Reasons for canine impaction,
Localization, indications for removal,
Methods of management, labial and palatal approach,
Surgical exposure, transplantation, removal etc.
7. Pre-prosthetic Surgery:
Definition, classification of procedures
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(a) Corrective procedures: Alveoloplasty,
Reduction of maxillary tuberosities,
Frenoctemies and removal of tori.
(b) Ridge extension or Sulcus extension procedures
Indications and various surgical procedures
(c) Ridge augmentation and reconstruction.
Indications, use of bone grafts, Hydroxyapatite
Implants - concept of osseo integration
Knowledge of various types of implants and
surgical procedure to place implants.
8. Diseases of the maxillary sinus
Surgical anatomy of the sinus.
Sinusitis both acute and chronic
Surgical approach of sinus - Caldwell-Luc procedure
Removal of root from the sinus.
Oro-antral fistula - aetiology, clinical features and various surgical
methods for closure.
9. Disorders of T.M. Joint
Applied surgical anatomy of the joint.
Dislocation - Types, aetiology, clinical features and management.
Ankylosis - Definition, aetiology, clinical features and management
Myo-facial pain dysfunction syndrome, aetiology, clinical features, management-
Non surgical and surgical.
Internal derangement of the joint.
Arthritis of T.M. Joint.
10. Infections of the Oral cavity
Introduction, factors responsible for infection, course of odontogenic
infections, spread of odontogenic infections through various facial spaces.
Dento-alveolar abscess - aetiology, clinical features and management.
Osteomyelitis of the jaws - definition, aetiology, pre-disposing factors,
classification, clinical features and management.
Ludwigs angina - definition, aetiology, clinical features, management and
complications.
11. Benign cystic lesions of the jaws -
Definition, classification, pathogenesis.
Diagnosis - Clinical features, radiological, aspiration biopsy, use of contrast
media and histopathology.
Management - Types of surgical procedures, Rationale of the techniques,
indications, procedures, complications etc.
12. Tumours of the Oral cavity -
General considerations
Non odontogenetic benign tumours occuring in oral cavity - fibroma, papilloma,
lipoma, ossifying fibroma, mynoma etc.
Ameloblastoma - Clinical features, radiological appearance and methods of
management.
Carcinoma of the oral cavity -
Biopsy - types
TNM classification.
Outline of management of squamous
Cell carcinoma: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy
Role of dental surgeons in the prevention and early detection of oral cancer.
13. Fractures of the jaws -
29
General considerations, types of fractures, aetiology, clinical features and general principles
of management.
mandibular fractures - Applied anatomy, classification.
Diagnosis - Clinical and radiological
Management - Reduction closed and open
Fixation and immobilisation methods
Outline of rigid and semi-rigid internal fixation.
Fractures of the condyle - aetiology, classification, clinical features, principles
of management.
Fractures of the middle third of the face.
Definition of the mid face, applied surgical anatomy, classification, clinical
features and outline of management.
Alveolar fractures - methods of management
Fractures of the Zygomatic complex
Classification, clinical features, indications for treatment, various methods of
reduction and fixation.
Complications of fractures - delayed union, non-union and malunion.
14. Salivary gland diseases -
Diagnosis of salivary gland diseases’
Sialography, contrast media, procedure.
Infections of the salivary glands
Sialolithiasis - Sub mandibular duct and gland and parotid duct.
Clinical features, management.
Salivary fistulae
Common tumours of salivary glands like Pleomorphic adenoma including
minor salivary glands.
15. Jaw deformities -
Basic forms - Prognathism, Retrognathism and open bite.
Reasons for correction.
Outline of surgical methods carried out on mandible and maxilla.
16. Neurological disorders -
Trigeminal neuralgia - definition, aetiology, clinical features and methods of
management including surgical.
Facial paralysis - Aetiology, clinical features.
Nerve injuries - Classification, neurorhaphy etc.
17. Cleft Lip and Palate -
Aetiology of the clefts, incidence, classification, role of dental surgeon in the management of
cleft patients. Outline of the closure procedures.
18. Medical Emergencies in dental practice –
Primary care of medical emergencies in dental practice particularly -
(a)Cardio vascular (b) Respiratory (c) Endocrine
(d)Anaphylactic reaction (e) Epilepsy (f) Epilepsy
19. Emergency drugs & Intra muscular I.V. Injections -
Applied anatomy, Ideal location for giving these injections, techniques etc.
20. Oral Implantology
21. Ethics
LOCAL ANAESTHESIA:
Introduction, concept of L.A., classification of local anaesthetic agents, ideal requirements, mode of
action, types of local anaesthesia, complications.
Use of Vaso constrictors in local anaesthetic solution -
Advantages, contra-indications, various vaso constrictors used.
Anaesthesia of the mandible -
30
Pterygomandibular space - boundaries, contents etc.
Interior Dental Nerve Block - various techniques
Complications
Mental foramen nerve block
Anaesthesia of Maxilla -
Intra - orbital nerve block.
Posterior superior alveolar nerve block
Maxillary nerve block - techniques.
GENERAL ANAESTHESIA –
Concept of general anaesthesia.
Indications of general anaesthesia in dentistry.
Pre-anaesthetic evaluation of the patient.
Pre-anaesthetic medication - advantages, drugs used.
Commonly used anaesthetic agents.
Complication during and after G.A.
I.V. sedation with Diazepam and Medozolam.
Indications, mode of action, technique etc.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Use of oxygen and emergency drugs.
Tracheostomy.
13. ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
Part-I ORAL MEDICINE AND DIAGNOSTIC AIDS
SECTION (A) – DIAGNOSTIC METHODS.
(1) Definition and importance of Diagnosis and various types of diagnosis
(2) Method of clinical examinations.
(a) General Physical examination by inspection.
(b) Oro-facial region by inspection, palpation and other means
(c) To train the students about the importance, role, use of saliva and techniques of diagnosis of
saliva as part of oral disease
(d) Examination of lesions like swellings, ulcers, erosions, sinus, fistula, growths, pigmented
lesions, white and red patches
(e) Examination of lymph nodes
(f) Forensic examination – Procedures for post-mortem dental examination; maintaining dental
records and their use in dental practice and post-mortem identification; jurisprudence and
ethics.
(3) Investigations
(a) Biopsy and exfoliative cytology
(b) Hematological, Microbiological and other tests and investigations necessary for diagnosis and
prognosis
SECTION (B) – DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
While learning the following chapters, emphasis shall be given only on diagnostic aspects including
differential diagnosis
(1) Teeth: Developmental abnormalities, causes of destruction of teeth and their sequelae and
discoloration of teeth
(2) Diseases of bone and Osteodystrophies: Development disorders: Anomalies, Exostosis and
tori, infantile cortical hyperostosis, osteogenisis imperfecta, Marfans syndrome, osteopetrosis.
Inflamation – Injury, infection and sperad of infection,fascial space infections,
osteoradionecrosis.
Metabolic disorders – Histiocytosis
Endocrine – Acro-megaly and hyperparathyroidism
Miscellaneous – Paget’s disease, Mono and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, Cherubism.
(3) Temparomandibular joint: Developmental abnormalities of the condyle. Rheumatoid arthritis,
Osteoarthritis, Sub-luxation and luxation.
31
(4) Common cysts and Tumors:
CYSTS: Cysts of soft tissue: Mucocele and Ranula
Cysts of bone: Odontogenic and nonodontogenic.
TUMORS:
Soft Tissue:
Epithelial: Papilloma, Carcinoma, Melanoma
Connective tissue: Fibroma, Lipoma, Fibrosarcoma
Vascular: Haemangioma, Lymphangioma
Nerve Tissue: Neurofibroma, Traumatic Neuroma, Neurofibromatosis
Salivary Glands: Pleomorphic adenoma, Adenocarcinoma, Warthin’s Tumor, Adenoid cystic
carcinoma.
Hard Tissue:
Non Odontogenic: Osteoma, Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma, Chondroma, Chandrosarcoma, Central
giant cell rumor, and Central haemangioma
Odontogenic: Enameloma, Ameloblastoma, Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic tumor, Adenomatoid
Odontogenic tumor, Periapical cemental dysphasia and odontomas
(5) Periodontal diseases: Gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis, pyogenic granuloma
(6) Granulomatous diseases: Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Midline lethal granuloma, Crohn’s Disease
and Histiocytosis X
(7) Miscellaneous Disorders: Burkitt lymphoma, sturge – Weber syndrome, CREST syndrome,
rendu-osler-weber disease
SECTION (C): ORAL MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS.
The following chapters shall be studied in detail including the eiology, pathogenesis, clinical features,
investigations, differential diagnosis, management and prevention
(1) Infections of oral and paraoral structures:
Bacterial: Streptococcal, tuberculosis, syphillis, vincents, leprosy, actinomycosis, diphtheria and
tetanus
Fungal: Candida albicans
Virus: Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, ramsay hunt syndrome, measles, herpangina, mumps,
infectious mononucleosis, AIDS and hepatitis-B
(2) Important common mucosal lesions:
White lesions: Chemical burns, leukodema, leukoplakia, fordyce spots, stomatitis nicotina
palatinus, white sponge nevus, candidiasis, lichenplanus, discoid lupus erythematosis
Veiculo-bullous lesions: Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, herpangina, bullous lichen planus,
pemphigus, cicatricial pemphigoid erythema multiforme.
Ulcers: Acute and chronic ulcers
Pigmented lesions: Exogenous and endogenous
Red lesions: Erythroplakia, stomatitis venenata and medicamentosa, erosive lesions and
denture sore mouth.
(3) Cervico-facial lymphadenopathy
(4) Facial pain:
(i) Organic pain: Pain arising from the diseases of orofacial tissues like teeth, pulp, gingival,
periodontal tissue, mucosa, tongue, muscles, blood vessels, lymph tissue, bone,
paranasal sinus, salivary glands etc.,
(ii) Pain arising due to C.N.S. diseases:
(a) Pain due to intracranial and extracranial involvement of cranial nerves. (Multiple
sclerosis, cerebrovascular diseases, trotter’s syndrome etc.)
(b) Neuralgic pain due to unknown causes: Trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal
neuralgia, sphenopalatine ganglion neuralgia, periodic migrainous neuralgia and atypical
facial pain
(iii) Referred pain: Pain arising from distant tissues like heart, spine etc.,
(5) Altered sensations: Cacogeusia, halitosis
(6) Tongue in local and systemic disorders: (Aglossia, ankyloglossia, bifid tongue, fissured tongue,
scrotal tongue, macroglossia, microglossia, geographic tongue, median rhomboid glossitis,
depapillation of tongue, hairy tongue, atrophic tongue, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia,
glossodynia, glossopyrosis, ulcers, white and red patches etc.)
(7) Oral manifestations of:
32
(i) Metabolic disordeers:
(a) Porphyria
(b) Haemochromatosis
(c) Histocytosis X diseases
(ii) Endocrine disorders:
(a) Pituitary: Gigantism, acromegaly, hypopitutarism
(b) Adrenal cortex: Addison’s disease (Hypofuntion)
Cushing’s syndrome (Hyperfunction)
(c) Parathyroid glands: Hyperparathyroidism.
(d) Thyroid gland: (Hypothyroidism) Cretinism, myxedema
(e) Pancreas: Diabetes
(iii) Nutritional deficiency: Vitamins: riboflavin, nicotinic acid, folic acid Vitamin
B12, Vitamin C (Scurvy)
(iv) Blood disorders:
(a) Red blood cell diseases
Defficiency anemias: (Iron deficiency, plummer – vinson syndrome, pernicious anemia)
Haemolytic anemias: (Thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis)
Aplastic anemia
Polycythemia
(b) White Blood cell diseases
Neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, agranulocytosis, infectious mononeucleosis and
leukemias
(c) Haemorrhagic disorders:
Thrombocytopenia, purpura, hemophillia, chrismas disease and von willebrand’s disease
(8) Disease of salivary glands:
(i) Development distrubances: Aplasia, atresia and aberration
(ii) Functional disturbances:Xerostomia, ptyalism
(iii) Inflammatory conditions: Nonspecific sialadenitis, mumps, sarcoidosis heerdfort’s
syndrome (Uveoparotid fever), Necrotising sialometaplasia
(iv) Cysts and tumors: Mucocele, ranula, pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma
(v) Miscellaneous: Sialolithiasis, sjogren’s syndrome, mikuliez’s disease and sialosis
(9) Dermatological diseases with oral manifestations:
(a) Ectodermal dysplasia (b) Hyperkerotosis palmarplantaris with periodont0opathy (c)
Scleroderma (d) Lichen planus including ginspan’s syndrome (e) Luplus erythematosus (f)
Pemphigus (g) Erythema multiforme (h) Psoriasis
(10) Immunological diseases with oral manifestations
(a) Leukemia (b) Lymphomas (c) Multiple mycloma (d) AIDS clinical manifestations,
opportunistic infections, neoplasms (e) Thrombcytopenia (f) Lupus erythematosus (g)
Scleroderma (h) dermatomyositis (I) Submucous fibrosis (j) Rhemtoid arthritis (k) Recurrent oral
ulcerations including behcet’s syndrome and reiter’s syndrome
(11) Allergy: Local allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, serum sickness (local and systemic allergic
manifestations to food drugs and chemicals)
(12) Foci of oral infection and their ill effects on general health
(13) Management of dental problems in medically comrpomised persons:
(i) Physiological changes: Puberty, pregnancy and menopause
(ii) The patients suffering with cardiac, respiratory, liver, kidney and bleeding disorders,
hypertension, diabetes and AIDS. Post-irradiated patients.
(14) Precancerous lesions and conditions
(15) Nerve and muscle diseases:
(i) Nerves: (a) Neuropraxia (b) Neurotemesis (c) Neuritis (d) Facial nerve paralysis including
Bell’s palsy, Heerfordt’s syndrome, Melkerson Rosenthel syndrome and ramsay hunt syndrome
(e) Neuroma (f) Neurofibromatosis (g) Frey’syndrome
(ii) Muscles: (a) Myositis ossificans (b) Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (c) Trismus
(16) Forensic odontology:
(a) Medicolegal aspects of orofacial injuries
(b) Identification of bite marks
(c) Determination of age and sex
(d) Identification of cadavers by dental appliances, Restorations and tissue remanants
33
(17) Therapeutics: General therapeutic measures – drugs commonly used in oral medicine viz.,
antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, astringents,
mouth washes, styptics, demelucents, local surface anaesthetic, sialogogues, antisialogogues
and drugs used in the treatment of malignancy
Part – II BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES AND ETHICS.
Part – III ORAL RADIOLOGY
(1) Scope of the subject and history of origin
(2) Physics of radiation: (a) Nature and types of radiations (b) Source of radiations (c) Production of
X-rays (d) Properties of X-rays (e) Compton effect (f) Photoelectric effect (g) Radiation
measuring units
(3) Biological effects of radiation
(4) Radiation safety and protection measures
(5) Principles of image production
(6) Radiographic techniques:
(i) Intra-Oral: (a) Periapical radiographs (Bisecting and parallel technics) (b) Bite wing
radiographs (c) Occlusal radiographs
(ii) Extra-oral: (a) Lateral projections of skull and jaw bones and paranasal sinuses (c)
Cephalograms (d) Orthopantomograph (e) Projections of temperomandibular joint and
condyle of mandible (f) Projections for Zygomatic arches
(iii) Specialised techniques: (a) Sialography (b) Xeroradiography (c) Tomography
(7) Factors in production of good radiographs:
(a) K.V.P. and mA.of X-ray machine (b) Filters (c) Collimations (d) Intensifying screens
(e) Grids (f) X-ray films (g) Exposure time (h) Techniques (i) Dark room (j) Developer and fixer
solutions (k) Film processing
(8) Radiographic normal anatomical landmarks
(9) Faculty radiographs and artefacts in radiographs
(10) Interpretation of radiographs in various abnormalities of teeth, bones and other orofacial tissues
(11) Principles of radiotherapy of oro-facial malignancies and complications of radiotherapy
(12) Cantrast radiography and basic knowledge of radio-active isotopes
(13) Radiography in Forensic Odontoloy - Radiographic age estimation and post-mortem
radiographic methods
PRACTICALS / CLINICALS:
1. Student is trained to arrive at proper diagnosis by following a scientific and systematic
proceedure of history taking and examination of the orofacial region. Training is also imparted
in management wherever possible. Training also shall be imparted on saliva diagnostic
procedures. Training also shall be imparted in various radiographic proceedures and
interpretation of radiographs.
2. In view of the above each student shall maintain a record of work done, which shall be
evaluated for marks at the time of university examination
3. The following is the minimum of prescribed work for recording
(a) Recording of detailed case histories of interesting cases ………. 10
(b) Intra-oral radiographs (Periapical, bitewing, occlusal) ………… 25
(c) Saliva diagnostic check as routine procedure
14. ORTHODONTICS & DENTAL ORTHOPAEDICS
1. Growth And Development: In General
a. Definition
b. Growth spurts and Differential growth
c. Factors influencing growth and Development
d. Methods of measuring growth
e. Growth theories (Genetic, Sicher's, Scott's, Moss's,Petrovics, Multifactorial)
f. Genetic and epigenetic factors in growth
g. Cephalocaudal gradient in growth.
2. Morphologic Development Of Craniofacial Structures
a. Methods of bone growth
b. Prenatal growth of craniofacial structures
c. Postnatal growth and development of: cranial base, maxilla, mandible, dental
arches and occlusion.
34
3. Functional Development Of Dental Arches And Occlusioin
a. Factors influencing functional development of dental arches and occlusion.
b. Forces of occlusion
c. Wolfe's law of transformation of bone
d. Trajectories of forces
4. Clinical Application Of Growth And Development
5. Malocclusion - In General
a. Concept of normal occlusion
b. Definition of malocclusion
c. Description of different types of dental, skeletal and functional malocclusion.
6. Classification of Malocclusion
Principle, description, advantages and disadvantages of classification of malocclusion by
Angle's, Simon's, Lischer's and Ackerman and Proffitt's.
7. Normal And Abnormal Function Of Stomatognathic System
8. Etiology Of Malocclusion
a. Definition, importance, classification, local and general etiological factors.
b. Etiology of following different types of malocclusion:
1) Midline diastema
2) Spacing
3) Crowding
4) Cross-Bite: Anterior/Posterior
5) Class III Malocclusion
6) Class II Malocclusion
7) Deep Bite
8) Open bite
9. Diagnosis And Diagnostic Aids
a. Definition, Importance and classification of diagnostic aids
b. Importance of case history and clinical examination in orthodontics
c. Study Models: - Importance and uses - Preparation and preservation of study models
d. Importance of intraoral X-rays in orthodontics
e. Panoramic radiographs: - Principles, Advantages, disad vantages and uses
f. Cephalometrics: Its advantages, disadvantages
1. Definition
2. Description and use of cephalostat
3. Description and uses of anatomical landmarks lines and angles used in cephalometric
analysis
4. Analysis- Steiner's, Down's, Tweed's, Ricket's-E- line
g. Electromyography and its uses in orthodontics
h. Wrist X-rays and its importance in othodontics
19. General Principles In Orthodontic Treatment Planning of Dental And Skeletal Malocclusions
11. Anchorage In Orthodontics - Definition, Classification, Types and Stability Of Anchorage
12. Biomechanical Principles In Orthodontic Tooth Movement
a. Different types of tooth movements
b. Tissue response to orthodontic force application
c. Age factor in orthodontic tooth movement
13. Preventive Orthodontics
a. Definition
b. Different procedures undertaken in preventive orthodontics and their limitations.
14. Interceptive Orthodontics
a. Definition
b. Different procedures undertaken in interceptive orthodontics
c. Serial extractions: Definition, indications, contra-indication, technique, advantages and
disadvantages.
d. Role of muscle exercises as an interceptive procedure
15. Corrective Orthodontics
a. Definition, factors to be considered during treatment planning.
b. Model analysis: Pont's, Ashley Howe's, Bolton, Careys, Moyer's Mixed Dentition Analysis
c. Methods of gaining space in the arch:- Indications, relative merits and demerits of proximal
stripping, arch expansion and extractions
d. Extractions in Orthdodontics - indications and selection of teeth for extraction.
35
16. Orthodontic Appliances: General
a. Requisites for orthodontic appliances
b. Classification, indications of Removable and Functional Appliances
c. Methods of force application
d. Materials used in construction of various orthodontic appliances - uses of stainless
steel, technical considerations in curing of acrylic, Principles of welding and soldering,
fluxes and antifluxes.
e. Preliminary knowledge of acid etching and direct bonding.
17. Ethics
REMOVABLE ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
1) Components of removable appliances
2) Different types of clasps and their uses
3) Different types of labial bows and their uses
4) Different types of springs and their uses
5) Expansion appliances in orthodontics:
i) Principles
ii) Indications for arch expansion
iii) Description of expansion appliances and different types of expansion devices and their uses.
iv) Rapid maxillary expansion
FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
1. Definition, Indications & Contraindications
2. Component parts and their uses
3. Basic principles of different techniques: Edgewise, Begg's, straight wire.
EXTRAORAL APPLIANCES
1. Headgears
2. chincup
3. reverse pull headgears
MYOFUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
1. Definition and principles
2. Muscle exercises and their uses in orthodontics
3. Functional appliances:
i) Activator, Oral screens, Frankels function regulator,
bionator twin blocks, lip bumper
ii) Inclined planes - upper and lower
18. Orthodontic Management Of Cleft Lip And Palate
19. Principles Of Surgical Orthodontics
Brief knowledge of correction of:
a. Mandibular Prognathism and Retrognathism
b. Maxillary Prognathism and Retrognathism
c. Anterior open bite and deep bite
d. Cross bite
20. Principle, Differential Diagnosis & Methods Of Treatment Of:
1. Midline diastema
2. Cross bite
3. Open bite
4. Deep bite
5. Spacing
6. Crowding
7. Class II - Division 1, Division 2
8. Class III Malocclusion - True and Psuedo Class III
21. Retention And Relapse
Definition, Need for retention, Causes of relapse, Methods of retention, Different types of retention
devices, Duration of retention, Theories of retention.
CLINICALS AND PRACTICALS IN ORTHODONTICS
PRACTICAL TRAINING DURING II YEAR B.D.S.
I. Basic wire bending exercises Gauge 22 or 0.7mm
1. Straightening of wires (4 Nos.)
2. Bending of a equilateral triangle
36
3. Bending of a rectangle
4. Bending of a square
5. Bending of a circle
6. Bending of U.V.
II. Construction of Clasps (Both sides upper/lower) Gauge 22 or 0.7mm
1. 3/4 Clasp (C-Clasp)
2. Full Clasp (Jackson's Crib)
3. Adam's Clasp
4. Triangular Clasp
III. Construction of Springs (on upper both sides) Gauge 24 or 0.5mm
1. Finger Spring
2. Single Cantelever Spring
3. Double Cantelever Spring (Z-Spring)
4. T-Springs on premolars
IV. Construction of Canine retractors Gauge 23 or 0.6mm
1. U - Loop canine retractor
(Both sides on upper & lower)
2. Helical canine retractor
(Both sides on upper & lower)
3. Buccal canine retractor:
- Self supported buccal canine retractor
with
a) Sleeve - 5mm wire or 24 gauge
b) Sleeve - 19 gauge needle on any one side.
4. Palatal canine retractor on upper both sides
Gauge 23 or 0.6mm
V. Labial Bow
Gauge 22 or 0.7mm
One on both upper and lower
CLINICAL TRAINING DURING III YEAR B.D.S.
NO. EXERCISE
01. Making upper Alginate impression
02. Making lower Alginate impression
03. Study Model preparation
04. Model Analysis
a. Pont's Analysis
b. Ashley Howe's Analysis
c. Carey's Analysis
d. Bolton's Analysis
e. Moyer's Mixed Dentition Analysis
CLINICAL TRAINING DURING FINAL YEAR B.D.S.
NO. EXERCISE
01. Case History taking
02. Case discussion
03. Discussion on the given topic
04. Cephalometric tracings
a. Down's Analysis
b. Steiner's Analysis
c. Tweed's Analysis
PRACTICAL TRAINING DURING FINAL YEAR B.D.S.
1. Adam's Clasp on Anterior teeth Gauge 0.7mm
2. Modified Adam's Clasp on upper arch Gauge 0.7mm
3. High Labial bow with Apron spring on upper arch
(Gauge of Labial bow - 0.9mm, Apron spring - 0.3mm)
4. Coffin spring on upper arch Gauge 1mm
Appliance Construction in Acrylic
1. Upper & Lower Hawley's Appliance
2. Upper Hawley's with Anterior bite plane
3. Upper Habit breaking Appliance
37
4. Upper Hawley's with Posterior bite plane with `Z' Spring
5. Construction of Activator
6. Lower inclined plane/Catalan's Appliance
7. Upper Expansion plate with Expansion Screw
15. PAEDIATRIC & PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
THEORY:
1. INTRODUCTION TO PEDODONTICS & PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY.
- Definition, Scope, Objectives and Importance.
2. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT:
- Importance of study of growth and development in Pedodontics.
- Prenatal and Postnatal factors in growth & development.
- Theories of growth & development.
- Development of maxilla and mandible and related age changes.
3. DEVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION FROM BIRTH THROUGH ADOLESCENCE.
- Study of variations and abnormalities.
4. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY:
- Development of teeth and associated structures.
- Eruption and shedding of teeth.
- Teething disorders and their management.
- Chronology of eruption of teeth.
- Differences between deciduous and permanent teeth.
- Development of dentition from birth to adolescence.
- Importance of first permanent molar.
5. DENTAL RADIOLOGY RELATED TO PEDODONTICS.
6. ORAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES IN CHILDREN.
- Indications and contraindications of extractions of primary and permanent teeth in
children.
- Knowledge of Local and General Anesthesia.
- Minor surgical procedures in children.
7. DENTAL CARIES:
- Historical background.
- Definition, aetiology & pathogenesis.
- Caries pattern in primary, young permanent and permanent teeth in children.
- Rampant caries, early childhood caries and extensive caries:
∗ Definition, aetiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Complications & Management
- Role of diet and nutrition in Dental Caries.
- Dietary modifications & Diet counseling.
- Caries activity, tests, caries prediction, caries susceptibility & their clinical application.
8. GINGIVAL & PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN.
- Normal gingiva & periodontium in children.
- Definition, aetiology & Pathogenesis.
- Prevention & Management of gingival & Periodontal diseases.
9. CHILD PSYCHOLOGY:
- Definition.
- Theories of child psychology.
- Psychological development of children with age.
- Principles of psychological growth & development while managing child patient.
- Dental fear and its management.
- Factors affecting child’s reaction to dental treatment.
10. BEHAVIOUR MANAGEMENT:
- Definitions.
- Types of behaviour encountered in the dental clinic.
- Non-pharmacological & pharmacological methods of Behaviour Management.
11. PEDIATRIC OPERATIVE DENTISTRY:
- Principles of Pediatric Operative Dentistry.
- Modifications required for cavity preparation in primary and young permanent teeth.
- Various Isolation Techniques.
38
- Restorations of decayed primary, young permanent and permanent teeth in children
using various restorative materials like Glass Ionomer, Composites & Silver Amalgam.
Stainless steel, Polycarbonate & Resin Crowns.
12. PEDIATRIC ENDODONTICS
- Principles & Diagnosis.
- Classification of Pulpal Pathology in primary, young permanent & permanent teeth.
- Management of Pulpally involved primary, young permanent & permanent teeth.
• Pulp capping – direct & indirect.
• Pulpotomy
• Pulpectomy
• Apexogenesis
• Apexification
- Obturation Techniques & material used for primary, young permanent & Permanent teeth
in children.
13. TRAUMATIC INJURIES IN CHILDREN:
- Classifications & Importance.
- Sequelae & reaction of teeth to trauma.
- Management of Traumatized teeth.
14. PREVENTIVE & INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS:
- Definitions.
- Problems encountered during primary and mixed dentition phases & their management.
- Serial extractions.
- Space management.
15. ORAL HABITS IN CHILDREN:
- Definition, Aetiology & Classification.
- Clinical features of digit sucking, tongue thrusting, mouth breathing & various other
secondary habits.
- Management of oral habits in children.
16. DENTAL CARE OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS:
- Definition, Aetiology, Classification, Behavioural and Clinical features & Management of
children with:
• Physically handicapping conditions.
• Mentally compromising conditions.
• Medically compromising conditions.
• Genetic disorders.
17. CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES IN CHILDREN:
- Definition, Classification, Clinical features & Management.
18. DENTAL EMERGENCIES IN CHILDREN & THEIR MANAGEMENT.
19. DENTAL MATERIALS USED IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY.
20. PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY:
- Definition.
- Principles & Scope.
- Types of prevention.
- Different preventive measures used in Pediatric Dentistry including pit and fissure
sealants and caries vaccine.
21. DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION & SCHOOL DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES.
22. FLUORIDES:
- Historical background.
- Systemic & Topical fluorides.
- Mechanism of action.
- Toxicity & Management.
- Defluoridation techniques.
23. CASE HISTORY RECORDING:
- Outline of principles of examination, diagnosis & treatment planning.
24. SETTING UP OF PEDODONTIC CLINIC.
25. ETHICS.
B. PRACTICALS:
Following is the recommended clinical quota for under-graduate students in the subject of pediatric &
preventive dentistry.
1. Restorations – Class I & II only : 45
39
2. Preventive measures e.g. Oral Prophylaxis – 20.
3. Fluoride applications – 10
4. Extractions – 25
5. Case History Recording & Treatment Planning – 10
6. Education & motivation of the patients using disclosing agents. Educating patients about oral
hygiene measures like tooth brushing, flossing etc.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED & REFERENCE:
1. Pediatric Dentistry (Infancy through Adolescences) – Pinkham.
2. Kennedy’s Pediatric Operative Dentistry – Kennedy & Curzon.
3. Occlusal guidance in Pediatric Dentistry – Stephen H. Wei.
4. Clinical Use of Fluorides – Stephen H. Wei.
5. Pediatric Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery – Kaban.
6. Pediatric Medical Emergencies – P. S. whatt.
7. Understanding of Dental Caries – Niki Foruk.
8. An Atlas of Glass Ionomer cements – G. J. Mount.
9. Clinical Pedodontics – Finn.
10. Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry – Braham Morris.
11. Primary Preventive Dentistry – Norman O. Harris.
12. Handbook of Clinical Pedodontics – Kenneth. D.
13. Preventive Dentistry – Forrester.
14. The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride – Garry M. whitford.
15. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescence – Mc. Donald.
16. Pediatric Dentistry – Damle S. G.
17. Behaviour Management – Wright
18. Pediatric Dentistry – Mathewson.
19. Traumatic Injuries – andreason.
20. Occlusal guidance in Pediatric Dentistry – Nakata.
21. Pediatric Drug Therapy – Tomare
22. Contemporary Orhtodontics – Profitt..
23. Preventive Dentistry – Depaola.
24. Metabolism & Toxicity of Fluoride – whitford. G. M.
25. Endodontic Practice – Grossman.
26. Principles of Endodontics – Munford.
27. Endodontics – Ingle.
28. Pathways of Pulp – Cohen.
29. Management of Traumatized anterior Teeth – Hargreaves.
16. PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY
1. Public Health:
i. Health & Disease: - Concepts, Philosophy, Definition and Characteristics
ii. Public Health: - Definition & Concepts, History of public health
iii. General Epidemiology: - Definition, objectives, methods
iv. Environmental Health: - Concepts, principles, protection, sources, purification
environmental sanitation of water disposal of waste sanitation, then role in mass disorder
v. Health Education: - Definition, concepts, principles, methods, and health education aids
vi. Public Health Administration: - Priority, establishment, manpower, private practice
management, hospital management.
vii. Ethics and Jurisprudence: Professional liabilities, negligence, malpractice, consents,
evidence, contracts, and methods of identification in forensic dentistry.
viii. Nutrition in oral diseases
ix. Behavioral science: Definition of sociology, anthropology and psychology and their in
dental practice and community.
x. Health care delivery system: Center and state, oral health policy, primary health care,
national programmes, health organizations.
Dental Public Health:
1. Definition and difference between community and clinical health.
2. Epidemiology of dental diseases-dental caries, periodontal diseases, malocclusion, dental
fluorosis and oral cancer.
3. Survey procedures: Planning, implementation and evaluation, WHO oral health survey
methods 1997, indices for dental diseases.
40
4. Delivery of dental care: Dental auxiliaries, operational and non-operational, incremental
and comprehensive health care, school dental health.
5. Payments of dental care: Methods of payments and dental insurance, government plans
6. Preventive Dentistry- definition, Levels, role of individual , community and profession,
fluorides in dentistry, plaque control programmes.
Research Methodology and Dental Statistics
1. Health Information: - Basic knowledge of Computers, MS Office, Window 2000, Statistical
Programmes
2. Research Methodology: -Definition, types of research, designing a written protocol
3. Bio-Statistics: - Introduction, collection of data, presentation of data, Measures of Central
tendency, measures of dispersion, Tests of significance, Sampling and sampling
techniques-types, errors, bias, blind trails and calibration.
Practice Management
1. Place and locality
2. Premises & layout
3. Selection of equipments
4. Maintenance of records/accounts/audit.
Dentist Act 1948 with amendment.
Dental Council of India and State Dental Councils
Composition and responsibilities.
Indian Dental Association
Head Office, State, local and branches.
PRACTICALS/CLINICALS/FIELD PROGEAMME IN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:
These exercises designed to help the student in IV year students:
1. Understand the community aspects of dentistry
2. To take up leadership role in solving community oral health programme
Exercises:
a) Collection of statistical data (demographic) on population in India, birth rates, morbidity
and mortality, literacy, per capita income
b) Incidence and prevalence of common oral diseases like dental caries, periodontal
disease, oral cancer, fluorosis at national and international levels
c) Preparation of oral health education material posters, models, slides, lectures, play acting
skits etc.
d) Oral health status assessment of the community using indices and WHO basic oral health
survey methods
e) Exploring and planning setting of private dental clinics in rural, semi urban and urban
locations, availment of finances for dental practices-preparing project report.
f) Visit to primary health center-to acquaint with activities and primary health care delivery
g) Visit to water purification plant/public health laboratory/ center for treatment of western
and sewage water
h) Visit to schools-to assess the oral health status of school children, emergency treatment
and health education including possible preventive care at school (tooth brushing
technique demonstration and oral rinse programme etc.)
i) Visit to institution for the care of handicapped, physically, mentally, or medically
compromised patients
j) Preventive dentistry: in the department application of pit and fissure sealants, fluoride gel
application procedure, A. R. T., Comprehensive health for 5 pts at least 2 patients
The colleges are encouraged to involve in the N.S.S. programme for college students for carrying out
social work in rural areas
SUGGESTED INTERNSHIP PROGRAMME IN COMMUNITY DENTISTRY:
I. AT THE COLLEGE:
Students are posted to the department to get training in dental practice management.
(a) Total oral health care approach- in order to prepare the new graduates in their approach to
diagnosis, treatment planning, cost of treatment, prevention of treatment on schedule, recall
maintenance of records etc. at least 10 patients (both children and adults of all types posting
for at least one month).
41
(b) The practice of chair side preventive dentistry including oral health education
II. AT THE COMMUNITY ORAL HEALTH CARE CENTRE (ADOPTED BY THE DENTAL
COLLEGE IN RURAL AREAS)
Graduates posted for at least on month to familiarize in:
(a) Survey methods, analysis and presentation of oral health assessment of school children and
community independently using WHO basic oral health survey methods.
(b) Participation in rural oral health education programmes
(c) Stay in the village to understand the problems and life in rural areas
III. DESIRABLE: Learning use of computers-at least basic programme.
Examination Pattern
I. Index: Case History
b) Oral hygiene indices simplified- Green and Vermilion
c) Silness and Loe index for Plaque
d) Loe and Silness index for gingival
e) CPI
f) DMF: T and S, df:t and s
g) Deans fluoride index
II. Health Education
1. Make one - Audio visual aid
2. Make a health talk
III. Practical work
1. Pit and fissure sealant
2. Topical fluoride application
17. PERIODONTOLOGY
1. Introduction: Definition of Periodontology, Periodontics, Periodontia, Brief historical
background, Scope of Periodontics
2. Development of perio-dontal tissues, micro-structural anatomy and biology of periodontal
tissues in detail Gingiva. Junctional epithelium in detail, Epithelial-Mesenchymal
interaction,Periodontal, ligament Cementum, Alveolar bone.
3. Defensive mechanisms in the oral cavity: Role of-Epithelium,Gingival fluid, Saliva and other
defensive mechanisms in the oral environment.
4. Age changes in periodontal
structures and their
significance in Geriatric
dentistry
Age changes in teeth and periodontal structures and their association
with periodontal diseases
1
5. Classification of periodontal
diseases
Need for classification, Scientific basis of classification
Classification of gingival and periodontal diseases as described in
World Workshop1989
Gingivitis:
Plaque associated,ANUG,steroid hormone influenced, Medication
influenced, Desquamative gingivitis, other forms of gingivitis as in
nutritional deficiency, bacterial and viral infections etc.
Periodontitis:
Adult periodontitis, Rapidly progressive periodontitis A&B, Juvenile
periodontitis(localized, generalized, and post-juvenile),
Prepubertal periodontitis,
Refractory periodontitis
1
6. Gingival diseases Localized and generalized gingivitis, Papillary, marginal and diffuse
gingivitis
Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, symptoms and management of
i) Plaque associated gingivitis
ii) Systemically aggravated gingivitis(sex hormones, drugs
and systemic diseases)
6
42
iii) ANUG
iv) Desquamative gingivitis-Gingivitis associated with lichen
planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus, and other
vesiculobullous lesions
v) Allergic gingivitis
vi) Infective gingivitis-Herpetic, bacterial and candidial
vii) Pericoronitis
viii) Gingival enlargement (classification and differential
diagnosis)
7 Epidemiology of periodontal
diseases
- Definition of index, incidence, prevalence,epidemiology,endemic,
epidemic, and pandemic
- Classification of indices(Irreversible and reversible)
- Deficiencies of earlier indices used in Periodontics
- Detailed understanding of Silness &Loe Plaque Index
,Loe&Silness Gingival Index, CPITN &CPI.
- Prevalence of periodontal diseases in India and other countries.
- Public health significance(All these topics are covered at length
under community dentistry. Hence, the topics may be discussed
briefly. However, questions may be asked from the topics for
examination
2
8. Extension of inflammation
from gingiva
Mechanism of spread of inflammation from gingival area to deeper
periodontal structures
Factors that modify the spread
1
9. Pocket Definition, signs and symptoms, classification, pathogenesis,
histopathology, root surface changes and contents of the pocket
2
10. Etiology - Dental Plaque (Biofilm)
- Definition, New concept of biofilm
- Types, composition, bacterial colonization, growth,maturation
&disclosing agents
- Role of dental plaque in periodontal diseases
- Plaque microorganisms in detail and bacteria associated with
periodontal diseases
- Plaque retentive factors
- Materia alba
- Food debris
- Calculus
- Definition
- Types, composition, attachment, theories of formation
- Role of calculus in disease
Food Impaction
- Definition
- Types, Etiology
- Hirschfelds’ classification
- Signs ,symptoms &sequelae of treatment
Trauma from occlusion
- Definition, Types
- Histopathological changes
- Role in periodontal disease
- Measures of management in brief
Habits
- Their periodontal significance
- Bruxism ¶functional habits, tongue thrusting ,lip biting,
occupational habits
IATROGENIC FACTORS
5
43
Conservative Dentistry
- Restorations
- Contact point, marginal ridge, surface roughness, overhanging
restorations, interface between restoration and teeth
Prosthodontics
- Interrelationship
- Bridges and other prosthesis, pontics(types) ,surface contour,
relationships of margins to the periodontium, Gingival protection
theory, muscle action theory& theory of access to oral hygiene.
Orthodontics
- Interrelationship, removable appliances &fixed appliances
- Retention of plaque, bacterial changes
Systemic diseases
- Diabetes, sex hormones, nutrition(Vit.C &proteins)
- AIDS & periodontium
- Hemorrhagic diseases, Leukemia, clotting factor disorders,PMN
disorders
11. Risk factors Definition. Risk factors for periodontal diseases 1
12. Host response - Mechanism of initiation and progression of periodontal diseases
- Basic concepts about cells, Mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages,
lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, complement system, immune
mechanisms & cytokines in brief
- Stages in gingivitis-Initial, early, established & advanced
- Periodontal disease activity, continuous paradigm, random burst
& asynchronous multiple burst hypothesis
3
13. Periodontitis - Etiology ,histopathology, clinical signs & symptoms, diagnosis
and treatment of adult periodontitis
- Periodontal abscess; definition, classification, pathogenesis,
differential diagnosis and treatment
- Furcation involvement, Glickmans’ classification, prognosis and
management
- Rapidly progressive periodontitis
- Juvenile periodontitis: Localized and generalized
- Post-juvenile periodontitis
- Periodontitis associated with systemic diseases
- Refractory periodontitis
6
14. Diagnosis - Routine procedures, methods of probing, types of
probes,(According to case history)
- Halitosis: Etiology and treatment. Mention advanced diagnostic
aids and their role in brief.
2
15. Prognosis - Definition, types, purpose and factors to be taken into
consideration
1
16. Treatment plan - Factors to be considered 1
17. Periodontal therapy A. General principles of periodontal therapy. Phase I,II, III, IV therapy.
Definition of periodontal regeneration, repair, new attachment and
reattachment.
B. Plaque control
i. Mechanical tooth brushes, interdental cleaning aids, dentifrices
ii. Chemical; classification and mechanism of action of each
& pocket irrigation
3
18. Pocket eradication
procedures
- Scaling and root planing:
- Indications
- Aims & objectives
- Healing following root planning
5
44
- Hand instruments, sonic, ultrasonic &piezo-electric scalers
- Curettage &present concepts
- Definition
- Indications
- Aims &objectives
- Procedures & healing response
- Flap surgery
- Definition
- Types of flaps, Design of
flaps, papilla preservation
- Indications &
contraindications
- Armamentarium
- Surgical procedure & healing
response
9. Osseous Surgery Osseous defects in periodontal disease
- Definition
- Classification
- Surgery: resective, additive osseous surgery
(osseous grafts with classification of grafts)
- Healing responses
- Other regenerative procedures; root conditioning
- Guided tissue regeneration
2
20. Mucogingival surgery
&periodontal plastic
surgeries
Definition
Mucogingival problems: etiology, classification of gingival recession
(P.D.Miller Jr. and Sullivan and Atkins)
Indications & objectives
Gingival extension procedures: lateral pedicle graft, frenectomy,
frenotomy
Crown lengthening procedures
Periodontal microsurgery in brief
3
21. Splints - Periodontal splints
- Purpose & classification
- Principles of splinting
1
22. Hypersensitivity Causes, Theories & management 1
23. Implants Definition, types, scope &biomaterials used.
Periodontal considerations: such as implant-bone interface, implantgingiva
interface, implant failure, peri-implantitis & management
1
24. Maintenance phase
(SPT)
- Aims, objectives, and principles
- Importance
- Procedures
- Maintenance of implants
1
25. Pharmaco-therapy - Periodontal dressings
- Antibiotics & anti-inflammatory drugs
- Local drug delivery systems
2
26. Periodontal management of
medically compromised
patients
Topics concerning periodontal management of medically
compromised patients
1
27. Inter-disciplinary care - Pulpo-periodontal involvement
- Routes of spread of infection
- Simons’ classification
- Management
1
28. Systemic effects of
periodontal diseases in
brief
Cardiovascular diseases, Low birth weight babies etc. 1
29. Infection control protocol Sterilization and various aseptic procedures 1
30. Ethics
45
TUTORIALS DURING CLINICAL POSTING;
1. Infection control
2. Periodontal instruments
3. Chair position and principles of instrumentation
4. Maintenance of instruments (sharpening)
5. Ultrasonic, Piezoelectric and sonic scaling – demonstration of technique
6. Diagnosis of periodontal disease and determination of prognosis
7. Radiographic interpretation and lab investigations
8. Motivation of patients- oral hygiene instructions
Students should be able to record a detailed periodontal case history, determine
diagnosis, prognosis and plan treatment. Student should perform scaling, root planning local drug
delivery and SPT. Shall be given demonstration of all periodontal surgical procedures.
DEMONSTRATIONS:
1. History taking and clinical examination of the patients
2. Recording different indices
3. Methods of using various scaling and surgical instruments
4. Polishing the teeth
5. Bacterial smear taking
6. Demonstration to patients about different oral hygiene aids
7. Surgical procedures- gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and flap operations
8. Follow up procedures, post operative care and supervision
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Diagnosis, treatment planning and discussion and total periodontal treatment – 25 cases
2. Dental scaling, oral hygiene instructions – 50 complete cases/ equivalent
3. Assistance in periodontal surgery – 5 cases
4. A work record should be maintained by all the students and should be submitted at the
time of examination after due certification from the head of the department.
Students should have to complete the work prescribed by the concerned department from time to time
and submit a certified record for evaluation.
18. PROSTHODONTICS AND CROWN & BRIDGE
Complete Dentures
A. Applied Anatomy and Physiology.
1. Introduction
2. Biomechanics of the edentulous state.
3. Residual ridge resorption.
B. Communicating with the patient
Understanding the patients.
Mental attitude.
2. Instructing the patient.
C. Diagnosis and treatment planning for patients-
1. With some teeth remaining.
2. With no teeth remaining.
a) Systemic status.
b) Local factor.
c) The geriatric patient.
d) Diagnostic procedures.
D. Articulators- discussion
E. Improving the patient’s denture foundation and ridge relation -an overview.
a) Pre-operative examination.
b) Initial hard tissue & soft tissue procedure.
c) Secondary hard & soft tissue procedure.
d) Implant procedure.
e) Congenital deformities.
f) Postoperative procedure.
46
F. Principles of Retention, Support and Stability
G. Impressions - detail.
a) Muscles of facial expression.
b) Biologic considerations for maxillary and mandibular impression including anatomy
landmark and their interpretation.
c) Impression objectives.
d) Impression materials.
e) Impression techniques.
f) Maxillary and mandibular impression procedures.
i. Preliminary impressions.
ii. Final impressions.
g) Laboratory procedures involved with impression making (Beading & Boxing, and cast
preparation).
H. Record bases and occlusion rims- in detail.
a) Materials & techniques.
b) Useful guidelines and ideal parameters.
c) Recording and transferring bases and occlusal rims.
I. Biological consideration in jaw relation & jaw movements - craniomandibular relations.
a) Mandibular movements.
b) Maxillo -mandibular relation including vertical and horizontal jaw relations.
c) Concept of occlusion- discuss in brief.
J. Relating the patient to the articulator.
a) Face bow types & uses– discuss in brief.
b) Face bow transfer procedure - discuss in brief.
K. Recording maxillo mandibular relation.
a) Vertical relations.
b) Centric relation records.
c) Eccentric relation records.
d) Lateral relation records.
L. Tooth selection and arrangement.
a) Anterior teeth.
b) Posterior teeth.
c) Esthetic and functional harmony.
M. Relating inclination of teeth to concept of occlusion- in brief.
a) Neutrocentric concept.
b) Balanced occlusal concept.
N. Trial dentures.
O. Laboratory procedures.
a) Wax contouring.
b) Investing of dentures.
c) Preparing of mold.
d) Preparing & packing acrylic resin.
e) Processing of dentures.
f) Recovery of dentures.
g) Lab remount procedures.
h) Recovering the complete denture from the cast.
i) Finishing and polishing the complete denture.
j) Plaster cast for clinical denture remount procedure.
P. Denture insertion.
a) Insertion procedures.
b) Clinical errors.
c) Correcting occlusal disharmony.
d) Selective grinding procedures.
R. Treating problems with associated denture use – discuss in brief (tabulation/flow-chart form).
S. Treating abused tissues - discuss in brief.
T. Relining and rebasing of dentures- discuss in brief.
V. Immediate complete dentures construction procedure- discuss in brief.
W. The single complete denture- discuss in brief.
X. Overdentures denture- discuss in brief.
Y
. Dental implants in complete denture - discuss in brief.
47
Note : It is suggested that the above mentioned topics be dealt with wherever appropriate in the
following order so as to cover –
1. Definition
2. Diagnosis (of the particular situation/patient selection/treatment planning)
3. Types / Classification
4. Materials
5. Methodology – Lab /Clinical
6. Advantages & disadvantages
7. Indications, contraindications
8. Maintenance Phase
9. Oral Implantology
10. Ethics
Removable Flexible Dentures
1. Introduction
Terminologies and scope
2. Classification.
3. Examination, Diagnosis & Treatment planning & evaluation of diagnostic data.
4. Components of a removable partial denture.
Major connectors,
minor connectors,
Rest and rest seats.
5. Components of a Removable Partial Denture.
Direct retainers,
Indirect retainers,
Tooth replacement.
6. Principles of Removable Partial Denture Design.
7. Survey and design – in brief.
Surveyors.
Surveying.
Designing.
8. Mouth preparation and master cast.
9. Impression materials and procedures for removable partial dentures.
10. Preliminary jaw relation and esthetic try-in for some anterior replacement teeth.
11. Laboratory procedures for framework construction-in brief.
12. Fitting the framework - in brief.
13. Try-in of the partial denture - in brief.
14. Completion of the partial denture - in brief.
15. Inserting the Removable Partial Denture - in brief.
16. Postinsertion observations.
17. Temporary Acrylic Partial Dentures.
18. Immediate Removable Partial Denture.
19. Removable Partial Dentures opposing Complete denture.
Note : It is suggested that the above mentioned topics be dealt with wherever appropriate in the
following order so as to cover –
1. Definition
2. Diagnosis (of the particular situation /patient selection /treatment planning)
3. Types / Classification
4. Materials
5. Methodology – Lab /Clinical
6. Advantages & disadvantages
7. Indications, contraindications
8. Maintenance Phase
Fixed Partial Dentures
Topics To Be Covered In Detail -
1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of occlusion – in brief.
3. Articulators – in brief.
4. Treatment planning for single tooth restorations.
48
5. Treatment planning for the replacement of missing teeth including selection and choice of
abutment teeth.
6. Fixed partial denture configurations.
7. Principles of tooth preparations.
8. Preparations for full veneer crowns – in detail.
9. Preparations for partial veneer crowns – in brief.
10. Provisional Restorations
11. Fluid Control and Soft Tissue Management
12. Impressions
13. Working Casts and Dies
14. Wax Patterns
15. Pontics and Edentulous Ridges
16. Esthetic Considerations
17. Finishing and Cementation
Topics To Be Covered In Brief -
1. Solder Joints and Other Connectors
2. All - Ceramic Restorations
3. Metal - Ceramic Restorations
4. Preparations of intracoronal restorations.
5. Preparations for extensively damaged teeth.
6. Preparations for periodontally weakened teeth
7. The Functionally Generated Path Technique
8. Investing and Casting
9. Resin - Bonded Fixed Partials Denture
Note : It is suggested that the above mentioned topics be dealt with wherever appropriate in the
following order so as to cover –
1. Definition
2. Diagnosis(of the particular situation /patient selection /treatment planning)
3. Types / Classification
4. Materials
5. Methodology – Lab /Clinical
6. Advantages & disadvantages
7. Indications, contraindications
8. Maintenance Phase
19. AESTHETIC DENTISTRY
Aesthetic Dentistry is gaining more popularity since last decade. It is better that undergraduate
students should understand the philosophy and scientific knowledge of the esthetic dentistry.
1. Introduction and scope of esthetic dentistry
2. Anatomy & physiology of smile
3. Role of the colour in esthetic dentistry
4. Simple procedures (roundening of central incisors to enhance esthetic appearance)
5. Bleaching of teeth
6. Veneers with various materials
7. Prevedntive and interceptive esthetics
8. Ceramics
9. Simple gingival contouring to enhance the appearance
10. Simple clinical procedures for BDS students
20. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY (30 hrs of instruction)
1. Have sound knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of forensic odontology.
2. Have an awareness of ethical obligations and legal responsibilities in routine practice and forensic
casework.
3. Be competent to recognise forensic cases with dental applications when consulted by the police,
forensic pathologists, lawyers and associated professionals.
4. Be competent in proper collection of dental evidence related to cases of identification, ethnic and
sex differentiation, age estimation and bite marks.
49
5. Be able to assist in analysis, evaluation, and presentation of dental facts within the realm of law.
Curriculum for forensic odontology
1. Introduction to forensic dentistry
Definition and history
Recent developments and future trends
2. Overview of forensic medicine and toxicology
Cause of death and postmortem changes
Toxicological manifestations in teeth and oral tissues
3. Dental identification
Definition
Basis for dental identification
Postmortem procedures
Dental record compilation and interpretation
Comparison of data, and principles of report writing
Identification in disasters and handling incinerated remains
Postmortem changes to oral structures
4. Maintaining dental records
Basic aspects of good record-keeping
Different types of dental records
▫ Dental charts
▫ Dental radiographs
▫ Study casts
▫ Denture marking
▫ Photographs
Dental notations
Relevance of dental records in forensic investigation
5. Age estimation
Age estimation in children and adolescents
▫ Advantages of tooth calcification over ‘eruption’ in estimating age
▫ Radiographic methods of Schour & Massler, Demirjian et al
Age estimation in adults
▫ Histological methods – Gustafson’s six variables and Johanson’s modification, Bang &
Ramm’s dentine translucency
▫ Radiographic method of Kvaal et al
Principles of report writing
6. Sex differentiation
Sexual dimorphism in tooth dimensions (Odontometrics)
7. Ethnic variations (‘racial’ differences) in tooth morphology
Description of human population groups
Genetic and environmental influences on tooth morphology
Description of metric and non-metric dental features used in ethnic differentiation
8. Bite mark procedures
Definition and classification
Basis for bite mark investigation
Bite mark appearance
Macroscopic and microscopic ageing of bite marks
Evidence collection from the victim and suspect of bite mark
Analysis and comparison
Principles of report writing
Animal bite investigation
9. Dental DNA methods
Importance of dental DNA evidence in forensic investigations
Types of DNA and dental DNA isolation procedures
DNA analysis in personal identification
Gene-linked sex dimorphism
Population genetics
10. Jurisprudence and ethics
Fundamentals of law and the constitution
Medical legislation and statutes (Dental and Medical Council Acts, etc)
50
Basics of civil law (including torts, contracts and consumer protection act)
Criminal and civil procedure code (including expert witness requirement)
Assessment and quantification of dental injuries in courts of law
Medical negligence and liability
Informed consent and confidentiality
Rights and duties of doctors and patients
Medical and dental ethics (as per Dentists’ Act)
Theory sessions and practical exercises
Detailed didactic sessions for the above components, either in the form of lectures or as structured
student-teacher interactions, is essential. Specialists from multiple disciplines, particularly from legal
and forensic sciences, can be encouraged to undertake teaching in their area of expertise.
An interactive, navigable and non-linear (INN) model may also be utilised for education.
Practical exercises (real-life casework and/or simulated cases) must complement didactic sessions
to facilitate optimal student understanding of the subject. Mandatory practical training in dental
identification methods, dental profiling (ethnic and sex differences, radiographic age estimation),
and bite mark procedures, is of paramount importance. In addition, practical
exercises/demonstrations in histological age estimation, comparative dental anatomy, DNA
methods, medical autopsy, court visits, and other topics may be conducted depending on available
expertise, equipment and feasibility.
Approach to teaching forensic odontology
Forensic odontology could be covered in two separate streams. The divisions include a preclinical
stream and a clinical stream.
Preclinical stream
Introduction to forensic odontology
Sex differences in odontometrics
Ethnic variations in tooth morphology
Histological age estimation
Dental DNA methods
Bite marks procedures
Overview of forensic medicine and toxicology
It could prove useful to undertake the preclinical stream in II or III year under Oral Biology/Oral
Pathology since these aspects of forensic odontology require grounding in dental morphology,
dental histology and basic sciences, which, students would have obtained in I and/or II BDS.
Clinical stream
Dental identification
Maintaining dental records
Radiographic age estimation
Medical jurisprudence and ethics
It would be suitable to undertake these topics in the IV or V year as part of Oral Medicine and
Radiology, since students require reasonable clinical exposure and acumen to interpret dental
records, perform dental postmortems and analyse dental radiographs for age estimation.
21. ORAL IMPLANTOLOGY
1. History of implants, their design & surface characteristics and osseo-integration
2. Scope of oral & maxillofacial implantology & terminologies
3. A brief introduction to various implant systems in practice
4. Bone biology, Morphology, Classification of bone and its relevance to implant treatment and
bone augmentation materials.
5. Soft tissue considerations in implant dentistry
6. Diagnosis & treatment planning in implant dentistry
51
Case history taking/Examination/Medical evaluation/Orofacial evaluation/ Radiographic
evaluation/ Diagnostic evaluation/ Diagnosis and treatment planning/ treatment alternatives/
Estimation of treatment costs/ patient education and motivation
7. Pre surgical preparation of patient
8. Implant installation & armamentarium for the Branemark system as a role model
9. First stage surgery – Mandible – Maxilla
10. Healing period & second stage surgery
11. Management of surgical complications & failures
12. General considerations in prosthodontic reconstruction & Bio mechanics
13. Prosthodontic components of the Branemark system as a role model
14. Impression procedures & Preparation of master cast
15. Jaw relation records and construction of suprastructure with special emphasis on occlusion for
osseointegrated prosthesis
16. Management of prosthodontic complications & failures
17. Recall & maintenance phase.
Criteria for success of osseointegrated implant supported prosthesis
22. BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES (20 hrs of instruction)
PSYCHOLOGY:
1. Definition & Need of Behavioural Science. Determinants of Behaviour. Scope of Behavioural
Science.
2. Sensory process & perception perceptual process- clinical applications.
3. Attention - Definition - factors that determine attention. Clinical application.
4. Memory - Memory process - Types of memory , Forgetting:
Methods to improve memory, Clinical assessment of memory & clinical applications.
5. Definition - Laws of learning
Type of learning. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning, Insight
learning, social learning, observational learning, principles of learning– Clinical application.
6. Intelligence- Definition: Nature of intelligence stability of intelligence
Determinants of intelligence, clinical application
7. Thinking - Definition: Types of thinking, delusions, problem solving
8. Motivation - Definition: Motive, drive, needs classification of motives
9. Emotions - Definition differentiation from feelings – Role of hypothalamus, Cerebral cortex,
adrenal glands ANS. Theories of emotion, Types of emotions.
Personality. Assessment of personality: Questionnaires, personality inventory, rating scales,
Interview projective techniques – Rorshach ink blot test , RAT, CAT
SOCIOLOGY:
Social class, social groups – family, types of family, types of marriages, communities and Nations and
institutions.
23. ETHICS
Introduction to ethics –
- what is ethics?
- What are values and norms?
- How to form a value system in one’s personal and professional life?
- Hippocratic oath.
- Declaration of Helsinki, WHO declaration of Geneva, International code of ethics, DCI
Code of ethics.
Ethics of the individual –
The patient as a person.
Right to be respected
Truth and confidentiality
Autonomy of decision
Doctor Patient relationship
52
Profession Ethics –
Code of conduct
Contract and confidentiality
Charging of fees, fee splitting
Prescription of drugs
Over-investigating the patient
Malpractice and negligence
Research Ethics –
Animal and experimental research/humanness
Human experimentation
Human volunteer research-informed consent
Drug trials
Ethical workshop of cases
Gathering all scientific factors
Gathering all value factors
Identifying areas of value – conflict, setting of priorities
Working our criteria towards decisions
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